LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
1 About this document
2 Overview of LaTeX
3 Document classes
4 Fonts
5 Layout
6 Sectioning
7 Cross references
8 Environments
9 Line breaking
10 Page breaking
11 Footnotes
12 Definitions
13 Counters
14 Lengths
15 Making paragraphs
16 Math formulas
17 Modes
18 Page styles
19 Spaces
20 Boxes
21 Special insertions
22 Splitting the input
23 Front/back matter
24 Letters
25 Terminal input/output
26 Command line
Appendix A Document templates
Concept Index
Command Index
LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
1 About this document
2 Overview of LaTeX
  2.1 Starting and ending
  2.2 Output files
  2.3 TeX engines
  2.4 LaTeX command syntax
3 Document classes
  3.1 Document class options
4 Fonts
  4.1 Font styles
  4.2 Font sizes
  4.3 Low-level font commands
5 Layout
  5.1 '\onecolumn'
  5.2 '\twocolumn'
  5.3 '\flushbottom'
  5.4 '\raggedbottom'
  5.5 Page layout parameters
6 Sectioning
7 Cross references
  7.1 '\label'
  7.2 '\pageref{KEY}'
  7.3 '\ref{KEY}'
8 Environments
  8.1 'abstract'
  8.2 'array'
  8.3 'center'
    8.3.1 '\centering'
  8.4 'description'
  8.5 'displaymath'
  8.6 'document'
  8.7 'enumerate'
  8.8 'eqnarray'
  8.9 'equation'
  8.10 'figure'
  8.11 'filecontents': Create external files
  8.12 'flushleft'
    8.12.1 '\raggedright'
  8.13 'flushright'
    8.13.1 '\raggedleft'
  8.14 'itemize'
  8.15 'letter' environment: writing letters
  8.16 'list'
  8.17 'math'
  8.18 'minipage'
  8.19 'picture'
    8.19.1 '\circle'
    8.19.2 '\makebox'
    8.19.3 '\framebox'
    8.19.4 '\dashbox'
    8.19.5 '\frame'
    8.19.6 '\line'
    8.19.7 '\linethickness'
    8.19.8 '\thicklines'
    8.19.9 '\thinlines'
    8.19.10 '\multiput'
    8.19.11 '\oval'
    8.19.12 '\put'
    8.19.13 '\shortstack'
    8.19.14 '\vector'
  8.20 'quotation'
  8.21 'quote'
  8.22 'tabbing'
  8.23 'table'
  8.24 'tabular'
    8.24.1 '\multicolumn'
    8.24.2 '\cline'
    8.24.3 '\hline'
    8.24.4 '\vline'
  8.25 'thebibliography'
    8.25.1 '\bibitem'
    8.25.2 '\cite'
    8.25.3 '\nocite'
    8.25.4 Using BibTeX
  8.26 'theorem'
  8.27 'titlepage'
  8.28 'verbatim'
    8.28.1 '\verb'
  8.29 'verse'
9 Line breaking
  9.1 '\\'[*][MORESPACE]
  9.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr'
  9.3 '\newline'
  9.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen)
  9.5 '\fussy'
  9.6 '\sloppy'
  9.7 '\hyphenation'
  9.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak'
10 Page breaking
  10.1 '\cleardoublepage'
  10.2 '\clearpage'
  10.3 '\newpage'
  10.4 '\enlargethispage'
  10.5 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak'
11 Footnotes
  11.1 '\footnote'
  11.2 '\footnotemark'
  11.3 '\footnotetext'
  11.4 Symbolic footnotes
  11.5 Footnote parameters
12 Definitions
  12.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand'
  12.2 '\newcounter'
  12.3 '\newlength'
  12.4 '\newsavebox'
  12.5 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment'
  12.6 '\newtheorem'
  12.7 '\newfont'
  12.8 '\protect'
13 Counters
  13.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters
  13.2 '\usecounter{COUNTER}'
  13.3 '\value{COUNTER}'
  13.4 '\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
  13.5 '\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
  13.6 '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}'
  13.7 '\stepcounter{COUNTER}'
  13.8 '\day \month \year': Predefined counters
14 Lengths
  14.1 '\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}'
  14.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT}
  14.3 '\settodepth'
  14.4 '\settoheight'
  14.5 '\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}'
  14.6 Predefined lengths
15 Making paragraphs
  15.1 '\indent'
  15.2 '\noindent'
  15.3 '\parskip'
  15.4 Marginal notes
16 Math formulas
  16.1 Subscripts & superscripts
  16.2 Math symbols
  16.3 Math functions
  16.4 Math accents
  16.5 Spacing in math mode
  16.6 Math miscellany
17 Modes
18 Page styles
  18.1 '\maketitle'
  18.2 '\pagenumbering'
  18.3 '\pagestyle'
  18.4 '\thispagestyle{STYLE}'
19 Spaces
  19.1 '\hspace'
  19.2 '\hfill'
  19.3 '\SPACE': Normal interword space
  19.4 '\@': Force sentence-ending punctuation
  19.5 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em
  19.6 '\/': Insert italic correction
  19.7 '\hrulefill'
  19.8 '\dotfill'
  19.9 '\addvspace'
  19.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip'
  19.11 '\vfill'
  19.12 '\vspace[*]{LENGTH}'
20 Boxes
  20.1 '\mbox{TEXT}'
  20.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox'
  20.3 'lrbox'
  20.4 '\makebox'
  20.5 '\parbox'
  20.6 '\raisebox'
  20.7 '\savebox'
  20.8 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}'
  20.9 '\usebox{\BOXCMD}'
21 Special insertions
  21.1 Reserved characters
  21.2 Text symbols
  21.3 Accents
  21.4 Non-English characters
  21.5 '\rule'
  21.6 '\today'
22 Splitting the input
  22.1 '\include'
  22.2 \'includeonly'
  22.3 \input
23 Front/back matter
  23.1 Tables of contents
    23.1.1 \addcontentsline
    23.1.2 \addtocontents
  23.2 Glossaries
  23.3 Indexes
24 Letters
  24.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS}
  24.2 '\cc'
  24.3 '\closing'
  24.4 '\encl'
  24.5 '\location'
  24.6 '\makelabels'
  24.7 '\name'
  24.8 '\opening{TEXT}'
  24.9 '\ps'
  24.10 '\signature{TEXT}'
  24.11 '\startbreaks'
  24.12 '\stopbreaks'
  24.13 '\telephone'
25 Terminal input/output
  25.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}'
  25.2 '\typeout{MSG}'
26 Command line
Appendix A Document templates
  A.1 'beamer' template
  A.2 'book' template
  A.3 'tugboat' template
Concept Index
Command Index
LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
***************************************

This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of May 2015)
for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.

1 About this document
*********************

This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document
preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX typesetting
program (*note Overview::).  This document's home page is
<http://home.gna.org/latexrefman>.  That page has links to the current
output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and
subscriptions, and other infrastructure.

   In this document, we will mostly just use 'LaTeX' rather than
'LaTeX2e', since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was retired many
years ago.

   LaTeX is currently maintained by a group of volunteers
(<http://latex-project.org>).  The official documentation written by the
LaTeX project is available from their web site.  This document is
completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX
maintainers.  Do not send bug reports or anything else about this
document to them.  Instead, please send all comments to
<latexrefman-discuss@gna.org>.

   This document is a reference.  There is a vast array of other sources
of information about LaTeX, at all levels.  Here are a few
introductions.

<http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr>
     Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation.

<http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc>
     Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.

<http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide>
     The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of LaTeX;
     there are plenty of others available elsewhere.

<http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort>
     A short introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages.

<http://tug.org/begin.html>
     Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX, with further
     references.

2 Overview of LaTeX
*******************

LaTeX is a system for typesetting documents.  It was originally created
by Leslie Lamport and is now maintained by a group of volunteers
(<http://latex-project.org>).  It is widely used, particularly for
complex and technical documents, such as those involving mathematics.

   A LaTeX user writes an input file containing text along with
interspersed commands, for instance commands describing how the text
should be formatted.  It is implemented as a set of related commands
that interface with Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program (the
technical term is that LaTeX is a "macro package" for the TeX engine).
The user produces the output document by giving that file to the TeX
engine.

   The term LaTeX is also sometimes used to mean the language in which
the document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
available to a LaTeX user.

   The name LaTeX is short for "Lamport TeX".  It is pronounced LAH-teck
or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks.  Inside a document, produce the
logo with '\LaTeX'.  Where use of the logo is not sensible, such as in
plain text, write it as 'LaTeX'.

2.1 Starting and ending
=======================

LaTeX files have a simple global structure, with a standard starting and
ending.  Here is a "hello, world" example:

     \documentclass{article}
     \begin{document}
     Hello, \LaTeX\ world.
     \end{document}

Here, the 'article' is the so-called "document class", implemented in a
file 'article.cls'.  Any document class can be used.  A few document
classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast array of others are widely
available.  *Note Document classes::.

   You can include other LaTeX commands between the '\documentclass' and
the '\begin{document}' commands.  This area is called the "preamble".

   The '\begin{document} ... \end{document}' is a so-called
"environment"; the 'document' environment (and no others) is required in
all LaTeX documents.  LaTeX provides many environments itself, and many
more are defined separately.  *Note Environments::.

   The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output
from a LaTeX input file.

2.2 Output files
================

LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two accessory files.  The
main output file's name ends in either '.dvi' or '.pdf'.

'.dvi'
     If LaTeX is invoked with the system command 'latex' then it
     produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension '.dvi'.  You can
     view this file with a command such as 'xdvi', or convert it to a
     PostScript '.ps' file with 'dvips' or to a Portable Document Format
     '.pdf' file with 'dvipdfmx'.  The contents of the file can be
     dumped in human-readable form with 'dvitype'.  A vast array of
     other DVI utility programs are available
     (<http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware>).

'.pdf'
     If LaTeX is invoked via the system command 'pdflatex', among other
     commands (*note TeX engines::), then the main output is a Portable
     Document Format (PDF) file.  Typically this is a self-contained
     file, with all fonts and images included.

   LaTeX also produces at least two additional files.

'.log'
     This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
     loaded packages.  It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps
     additional information for any errors.

'.aux'
     Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as cross
     references.  For example, the first time that LaTeX finds a forward
     reference--a cross reference to something that has not yet appeared
     in the source--it will appear in the output as a doubled question
     mark '??'.  When the referred-to spot does eventually appear in the
     source then LaTeX writes its location information to this '.aux'
     file.  On the next invocation, LaTeX reads the location information
     from this file and uses it to resolve the reference, replacing the
     double question mark with the remembered location.

   LaTeX may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename
ending.  These include a '.lof' file that is used to make a list of
figures, a '.lot' file used to make a list of tables, and a '.toc' file
used to make a table of contents.  A particular class may create others;
the list is open-ended.

2.3 TeX engines
===============

LaTeX is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a TeX
implementation (*note Overview::).  This section gives a terse overview
of the main programs.

'latex'
'pdflatex'
     In TeX Live (<http://tug.org/texlive>, if LaTeX is invoked via
     either the system command 'latex' or 'pdflatex', then the pdfTeX
     engine is run (<http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex>).  When invoked as
     'latex', the main output is a '.dvi' file; as 'pdflatex', the main
     output is a '.pdf' file.

     pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth's original
     program (<http://ctan.org/pkg/etex>), including additional
     programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty
     of extensions of its own.  e-TeX is available on its own as the
     command 'etex', but this is plain TeX (and produces '.dvi').

     In other TeX distributions, 'latex' may invoke e-TeX rather than
     pdfTeX.  In any case, the e-TeX extensions can be assumed to be
     available in LaTeX.

'lualatex'
     If LaTeX is invoked via the system command 'lualatex', the LuaTeX
     engine is run (<http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex>).  This program allows
     code written in the scripting language Lua (<http://luatex.org>) to
     interact with TeX's typesetting.  LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode
     input natively, can handle OpenType and TrueType fonts, and
     produces a '.pdf' file by default.  There is also 'dvilualatex' to
     produce a '.dvi' file, but this is rarely used.

'xelatex'
     If LaTeX is invoked with the system command 'xelatex', the XeTeX
     engine is run (<http://tug.org/xetex>).  Like LuaTeX, XeTeX also
     natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and OpenType fonts,
     though the implementation is completely different, mainly using
     external libraries instead of internal code.  XeTeX produces a
     '.pdf' file as output; it does not support DVI output.

   Other variants of LaTeX and TeX exist, e.g., to provide additional
support for Japanese and other languages ([u]pTeX,
<http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex>, <http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex>).

2.4 LaTeX command syntax
========================

In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a '\'; the name
itself then consists of either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single
non-letter.

   A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments, either
required or optional.  Required arguments are contained in curly braces,
'{...}'.  Optional arguments are contained in square brackets, '[...]'.
Generally, but not universally, if the command accepts an optional
argument, it comes first, before any required arguments.

   Some commands have a '*' form that is related to the form without a
'*', such as '\chapter' and '\chapter*'.

   LaTeX commands are case sensitive; neither '\Begin{document}' nor
'\begin{Document}' will work.  Most commands are lowercase, but in any
event you must enter all commands in the same case as they are defined.

   This manual describes all accepted options and '*'-forms for the
commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).

3 Document classes
******************

The document's overall class is defined with this command, which is
normally the first command in a LaTeX source file.

     \documentclass[OPTIONS]{CLASS}

   The following document CLASS names are built into LaTeX.  (Many other
document classes are available as separate packages; *note Overview::.)

'article'
     For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general
     use.

'book'
     Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front
     matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix
     (*note Front/back matter::).

'report'
     For documents of length between an 'article' and a 'book', such as
     technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.

'slides'
     For slide presentations--rarely used today.  In its place the
     'beamer' package is perhaps the most prevalent (*note beamer
     template::).

   Standard OPTIONS are described in the next section.

3.1 Document class options
==========================

You can specify so-called "global options" or "class options" to the
'\documentclass' command by enclosing them in square brackets.  To
specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma, as in:

     \documentclass[OPTION1,OPTION2,...]{CLASS}

   Here is the list of the standard class options.

   All of the standard classes except 'slides' accept the following
options for selecting the typeface size (default is '10pt'):

     10pt  11pt  12pt

   All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the
paper size (default is 'letterpaper'):

     a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper

   Miscellaneous other options:

'draft'
'final'
     Mark ('draft') or do not mark ('final') overfull boxes with a black
     box in the margin; default is 'final'.

'fleqn'
     Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.

'landscape'
     Selects landscape format; default is portrait.

'leqno'
     Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the
     right side.

'openbib'
     Use "open" bibliography format.

'titlepage'
'notitlepage'
     Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on
     the class.

   The following options are not available with the 'slides' class.

'onecolumn'
'twocolumn'
     Typeset in one or two columns; default is 'onecolumn'.

'oneside'
'twoside'
     Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is 'oneside', except that
     in the 'book' class the default is 'twoside'.

     For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page.  For
     two-sided printing, the '\evensidemargin' ('\oddsidemargin')
     parameter determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages
     between the left side of the page and the text's left margin, with
     '\oddsidemargin' being 40% of the difference between '\paperwidth'
     and '\textwidth', and '\evensidemargin' is the remainder.

'openright'
'openany'
     Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default
     is 'openright' for 'book', and 'openany' for 'report'.

   The 'slides' class offers the option 'clock' for printing the time at
the bottom of each note.

   Additional packages are loaded like this:

     \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG}

   To specify more than one package, you can separate them with a comma,
as in '\usepackage{PKG1,PKG2,...}', or use multiple '\usepackage'
commands.

   Any options given in the '\documentclass' command that are unknown by
the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
'\usepackage'.

4 Fonts
*******

Two important aspects of selecting a "font" are specifying a size and a
style.  The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here.

4.1 Font styles
===============

The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.

   This first group of commands is typically used with an argument, as
in '\textit{italic text}'.  In the table below, the corresponding
command in parenthesis is the "declaration form", which takes no
arguments.  The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type
style command or the end of the current group.

   These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form,
are cumulative; e.g., you can say either '\sffamily\bfseries' or
'\bfseries\sffamily' to get bold sans serif.

   You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations;
for instance, '\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}'.

   These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections
if needed.  (*Note \/::, for the details of italic corrections.)
Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following
character is in the list '\nocorrlist', which by default consists of a
period and a comma.  To suppress the automatic insertion of italic
correction, use '\nocorr' at the start or end of the command argument,
such as '\textit{\nocorr text}' or '\textsc{text \nocorr}'.

'\textrm (\rmfamily)'
     Roman.

'\textit (\itshape)'
     Italics.

'\emph'
     Emphasis (switches between '\textit' and '\textrm').

'\textmd (\mdseries)'
     Medium weight (default).

'\textbf (\bfseries)'
     Boldface.

'\textup (\upshape)'
     Upright (default).  The opposite of slanted.

'\textsl (\slshape)'
     Slanted.

'\textsf (\sffamily)'
     Sans serif.

'\textsc (\scshape)'
     Small caps.

'\texttt (\ttfamily)'
     Typewriter.

'\textnormal (\normalfont)'
     Main document font.

'\mathrm'
     Roman, for use in math mode.

'\mathbf'
     Boldface, for use in math mode.

'\mathsf'
     Sans serif, for use in math mode.

'\mathtt'
     Typewriter, for use in math mode.

'\mathit'
'(\mit)'
     Italics, for use in math mode.

'\mathnormal'
     For use in math mode, e.g.  inside another type style declaration.

'\mathcal'
     'Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode.

   In addition, the command '\mathversion{bold}' can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas.
'\mathversion{normal}' restores the default.

   Finally, the command '\oldstylenums{NUMERALS}' will typeset so-called
"old-style" numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and
sometimes widths) from the standard "lining" numerals.  LaTeX's default
fonts support this, and will respect '\textbf' (but not other styles;
there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern).  Many other
fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the 'textcomp' package
must be loaded, and sometimes package options are provided to make them
the default.  FAQ entry:
<http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf>.

   LaTeX also provides the following commands, which unconditionally
switch to the given style, that is, are _not_ cumulative.  Also, they
are used differently than the above commands: '{\CMD ...}' instead of
'\CMD{...}'.  These are two unrelated constructs.

'\bf'
     Switch to bold face.

'\cal'
     Switch to calligraphic letters for math.

'\em'
     Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).

'\it'
     Italics.

'\rm'
     Roman.

'\sc'
     Small caps.

'\sf'
     Sans serif.

'\sl'
     Slanted (oblique).

'\tt'
     Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).

   Some people consider the unconditional font-switching commands, such
as '\tt', obsolete and _only_ the cumulative commands ('\texttt') should
be used.  I (Karl) do not agree.  There are perfectly reasonable
situations when an unconditional font switch is precisely what you need
to get the desired output; for one example, *note 'description':
description.  Both sets of commands have their place.

4.2 Font sizes
==============

The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX.  The
table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size used
(in points) with the '10pt', '11pt', and '12pt' document size options,
respectively (*note Document class options::).

Command                   '10pt'  '11pt'  '12pt'
--------------------------------------------------
'\tiny'                   5       6       6
'\scriptsize'             7       8       8
'\footnotesize'           8       9       10
'\small'                  9       10      10.95
'\normalsize' (default)   10      10.95   12
'\large'                  12      12      14.4
'\Large'                  14.4    14.4    17.28
'\LARGE'                  17.28   17.28   20.74
'\huge'                   20.74   20.74   24.88
'\Huge'                   24.88   24.88   24.88

   The commands as listed here are "declaration forms".  The scope of
the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end
of the current group.  You can also use the environment form of these
commands; for instance, '\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'.

4.3 Low-level font commands
===========================

These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages.  The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
ones.

'\fontencoding{enc}'
     Select font encoding.  Valid encodings include 'OT1' and 'T1'.

'\fontfamily{family}'
     Select font family.  Valid families include:

        * 'cmr' for Computer Modern Roman
        * 'cmss' for Computer Modern Sans Serif
        * 'cmtt' for Computer Modern Typewriter

     and numerous others.

'\fontseries{series}'
     Select font series.  Valid series include:

        * 'm' Medium (normal)
        * 'b' Bold
        * 'c' Condensed
        * 'bc' Bold condensed
        * 'bx' Bold extended

     and various other combinations.

'\fontshape{shape}'
     Select font shape.  Valid shapes are:

        * 'n' Upright (normal)
        * 'it' Italic
        * 'sl' Slanted (oblique)
        * 'sc' Small caps
        * 'ui' Upright italics
        * 'ol' Outline

     The two last shapes are not available for most font families.

'\fontsize{size}{skip}'
     Set font size.  The first parameter is the font size to switch to
     and the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a
     parameter named '\baselineskip'.  The unit of both parameters
     defaults to pt.  The default '\baselineskip' for the Computer
     Modern typeface is 1.2 times the '\fontsize'.

     The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the
     '\baselinestretch' parameter when the type size changes; the
     default is 1.  However, the best way to "double space" a document,
     if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use
     the 'setspace' package; see
     <http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace>.

'\linespread{FACTOR}'
     Equivalent to '\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}', and
     therefore must be followed by '\selectfont' to have any effect.
     Best specified in the preamble, or use the 'setspace' package, as
     described just above.

     The changes made by calling the font commands described above do
     not come into effect until '\selectfont' is called.

'\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}'
     The same as invoking '\fontencoding', '\fontfamily', '\fontseries'
     and '\fontshape' with the given parameters, followed by
     '\selectfont'.

5 Layout
********

Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.

5.1 '\onecolumn'
================

The '\onecolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces
single-column output.  This is the default.

5.2 '\twocolumn'
================

Synopsis:

     \twocolumn[TEXT1COL]

   The '\twocolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces
two-column output.  If the optional TEXT1COL argument is present, it is
typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts.

   These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:

'\columnsep'
     The distance between columns (35pt by default).

'\columnseprule'
     The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there
     is no rule.

'\columnwidth'
     The width of the current column; this is equal to '\textwidth' in
     single-column text.

   These parameters control float behavior in two-column output:

'\dbltopfraction'
     Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
     occupied by floats.  Default '.7', can be usefully redefined to
     (say) '.9' to avoid going to float pages so soon.

'\dblfloatpagefraction'
     The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by
     floats, for a two-column float page.  Default '.5'.

'\dblfloatsep'
     Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float
     page.  Default '12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for '10pt' and '11pt'
     documents, '14pt plus2pt minus4pt' for '12pt'.

'\dbltextfloatsep'
     Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a
     page and the main text.  Default '20pt plus2pt minus4pt'.

5.3 '\flushbottom'
==================

The '\flushbottom' declaration makes all text pages the same height,
adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the page.

   This is the default if 'twocolumn' mode is selected (*note Document
class options::).

5.4 '\raggedbottom'
===================

The '\raggedbottom' declaration makes all pages the natural height of
the material on that page.  No rubber lengths will be stretched.

5.5 Page layout parameters
==========================

'\headheight'
     Height of the box that contains the running head.  Default is
     '30pt', except in the 'book' class, where it varies with the type
     size.

'\headsep'
     Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top
     of the main text.  Default is '25pt', except in the 'book' class,
     where it varies with the type size.

'\footskip'
     Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline
     of the page footer.  Default is '30pt', except in the 'book' class,
     where it varies with the type size.

'\linewidth'
     Width of the current line, decreased for each nested 'list' (*note
     list::).  Specifically, it is smaller than '\textwidth' by the sum
     of '\leftmargin' and '\rightmargin' (*note itemize::).  The default
     varies with the font size, paper width, two-column mode, etc.  For
     an 'article' document in '10pt', it's set to '345pt'; in two-column
     mode, that becomes '229.5pt'.

'\textheight'
     The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies
     with the font size, document class, etc.  For an 'article' or
     'report' document in '10pt', it's set to '43\baselineskip'; for
     'book', it's '41\baselineskip'.  For '11pt', it's '38\baselineskip'
     and for '12pt', '36\baselineskip'.

'\textwidth'
     The full horizontal width of the entire page body; the default
     varies as usual.  For an 'article' or 'report' document, it's
     '345pt' at '10pt', '360pt' at '11pt', and '390pt' at '12pt'.  For a
     'book' document, it's '4.5in' at '10pt', and '5in' at '11pt' or
     '12pt'.

     In multi-column output, '\textwidth' remains the width of the
     entire page body, while '\columnwidth' is the width of one column
     (*note \twocolumn::).

     In lists (*note list::), '\textwidth' remains the width of the
     entire page body (and '\columnwidth' the width of the entire
     column), while '\linewidth' may decrease for nested lists.

     Inside a minipage (*note minipage::) or '\parbox' (*note
     \parbox::), all the width-related parameters are set to the
     specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of
     the 'minipage' or '\parbox'.

     For completeness: '\hsize' is the TeX primitive parameter used when
     text is broken into lines.  It should not be used in normal LaTeX
     documents.

'\topmargin'
     Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
     paper, by default) and the top of the header.  The default is
     computed based on many other parameters: '\paperheight - 2in -
     \headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip', and then divided
     by two.

'\topskip'
     Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline
     of the first line of text.  For the standard classes, the default
     is the same as the font size, e.g., '10pt' at '10pt'.

6 Sectioning
************

Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:

'\part'
'\chapter'
     ('report' and 'book' class only)
'\section'
'\subsection'
'\subsubsection'
'\paragraph'
'\subparagraph'

   All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,

     \chapter[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}

   In addition to providing the heading TITLE in the main text, the
section title can appear in two other places:

  1. The table of contents.
  2. The running head at the top of the page.

   You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text.
To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument
TOCTITLE that, when given, specifies the text for these other places.

   Also, all sectioning commands have '*'-forms that print TITLE as
usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table
of contents.  For instance:

     \section*{Preamble}

   The '\appendix' command changes the way following sectional units are
numbered.  The '\appendix' command itself generates no text and does not
affect the numbering of parts.  The normal use of this command is
something like

     \chapter{A Chapter}
     ...
     \appendix
     \chapter{The First Appendix}

   The 'secnumdepth' counter controls printing of section numbers.  The
setting

     \setcounter{secnumdepth}{LEVEL}

suppresses heading numbers at any depth > LEVEL, where 'chapter' is
level zero.  (*Note \setcounter::.)

7 Cross references
******************

One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."

7.1 '\label'
============

Synopsis:

     \label{KEY}

   A '\label' command appearing in ordinary text assigns to KEY the
number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered
environment assigns that number to KEY.

   A KEY name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
punctuation characters.  Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished,
as usual.

   To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is
common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a
colon or period.  Some conventionally-used prefixes:

'ch'
     for chapters
'sec'
     for lower-level sectioning commands
'fig'
     for figures
'tab'
     for tables
'eq'
     for equations

   Thus, a label for a figure would look like 'fig:snark' or
'fig.snark'.

7.2 '\pageref{KEY}'
===================

Synopsis:

     \pageref{KEY}

   The '\pageref'{KEY} command produces the page number of the place in
the text where the corresponding '\label'{KEY} command appears.

7.3 '\ref{KEY}'
===============

Synopsis:

     \ref{KEY}

   The '\ref' command produces the number of the sectional unit,
equation, footnote, figure, ..., of the corresponding '\label' command
(*note \label::).  It does not produce any text, such as the word
'Section' or 'Figure', just the bare number itself.

8 Environments
**************

LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text.  Each
environment begins and ends in the same manner:

     \begin{ENVNAME}
     ...
     \end{ENVNAME}

8.1 'abstract'
==============

Synopsis:
     \begin{abstract}
     ...
     \end{abstract}

   Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple
paragraphs.

8.2 'array'
===========

Synopsis:

     \begin{array}{TEMPLATE}
     COL1 TEXT&COL1 TEXT&COLN}\\
     ...
     \end{array}

   Math arrays are produced with the 'array' environment, normally
within an 'equation' environment (*note equation::).  It has a single
mandatory TEMPLATE argument describing the number of columns and the
alignment within them.  Each column COL is specified by a single letter
that tells how items in each row of that column should be formatted, as
follows:

'c'
     centered
'l'
     flush left
'r'
     flush right

   Column entries are separated by '&'.  Column entries may include
other LaTeX commands.  Each row of the array is terminated with '\\'.

   In the template, the construct '@{TEXT}' puts TEXT between columns in
each row.

   Here's an example:

     \begin{equation}
       \begin{array}{lrc}
       left1 & right1 & centered1 \\
       left2 & right2 & centered2 \\
       \end{array}
     \end{equation}

   The '\arraycolsep' parameter defines half the width of the space
separating columns; the default is '5pt'.  *Note tabular::, for other
parameters which affect formatting in 'array' environments, namely
'\arrayrulewidth' and '\arraystretch'.

   The 'array' environment can only be used in math mode.

8.3 'center'
============

Synopsis:

     \begin{center}
     LINE1 \\
     LINE2 \\
     \end{center}

   The 'center' environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting
of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the
current page.  Each line is terminated with the string '\\'.

8.3.1 '\centering'
------------------

The '\centering' declaration corresponds to the 'center' environment.
This declaration can be used inside an environment such as 'quote' or in
a 'parbox'.  Thus, the text of a figure or table can be centered on the
page by putting a '\centering' command at the beginning of the figure or
table environment.

   Unlike the 'center' environment, the '\centering' command does not
start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command (of an
environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.

   Here's an example:

     \begin{quote}
     \centering
     first line \\
     second line \\
     \end{quote}

8.4 'description'
=================

Synopsis:

     \begin{description}
     \item [LABEL1] ITEM1
     \item [LABEL2] ITEM2
     ...
     \end{description}

   The 'description' environment is used to make labelled lists.  Each
LABEL is typeset in bold, flush right.  The ITEM text may contain
multiple paragraphs.

   Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if
you typeset a label in typewriter using '\texttt', you'll get bold
typewriter: '\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]'.  This may be too
bold, among other issues.  To get just typewriter, use '\tt', which
resets all other style variations: '\item[{\tt plain typewriter}]'.

   For details about list spacing, see *note itemize::.

8.5 'displaymath'
=================

Synopsis:

     \begin{displaymath}
     MATH
     \end{displaymath}

or

     \[MATH\]

   The 'displaymath' environment ('\[...\]' is a synonym) typesets the
MATH text on its own line, centered by default.  The global 'fleqn'
option makes equations flush left; see *note Document class options::.

   No equation number is added to 'displaymath' text; to get an equation
number, use the 'equation' environment (*note equation::).

8.6 'document'
==============

The 'document' environment encloses the body of a document.  It is
required in every LaTeX document.  *Note Starting and ending::.

8.7 'enumerate'
===============

Synopsis:

     \begin{enumerate}
     \item ITEM1
     \item ITEM2
     ...
     \end{enumerate}

   The 'enumerate' environment produces a numbered list.  Enumerations
can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.  They can also
be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as 'itemize'
(*note itemize::) and 'description' (*note description::).

   Each item of an enumerated list begins with an '\item' command.
There must be at least one '\item' command within the environment.

   By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:

  1. 1., 2., ...
  2. (a), (b), ...
  3. i., ii., ...
  4. A., B., ...

   The 'enumerate' environment uses the counters '\enumi' through
'\enumiv' counters (*note Counters::).  If the optional argument to
'\item' is given, the counter is not incremented for that item.

   The 'enumerate' environment uses the commands '\labelenumi' through
'\labelenumiv' to produce the default label.  So, you can use
'\renewcommand' to change the labels (*note \newcommand &
\renewcommand::).  For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
letters:

     \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}

8.8 'eqnarray'
==============

First, a caveat: the 'eqnarray' environment has some infelicities which
cannot be overcome; the article "Avoid eqnarray!" by Lars Madsen
describes them in detail
(<http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf>).  The bottom line is
that it is better to use the 'align' environment (and others) from the
'amsmath' package.

   Nevertheless, here is a description of 'eqnarray':

     \begin{eqnarray}  (or 'eqnarray*')
     FORMULA1 \\
     FORMULA2 \\
     ...
     \end{eqnarray}

   The 'eqnarray' environment is used to display a sequence of equations
or inequalities.  It is similar to a three-column 'array' environment,
with consecutive rows separated by '\\' and consecutive items within a
row separated by an '&'.

   '\\*' can also be used to separate equations, with its normal meaning
of not allowing a page break at that line.

   An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
'\nonumber' command.  Alternatively, The '*'-form of the environment
('\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}') will omit equation numbering
entirely, while otherwise being the same as 'eqnarray'.

   The command '\lefteqn' is used for splitting long formulas across
lines.  It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.

8.9 'equation'
==============

Synopsis:

     \begin{equation}
     MATH
     \end{equation}

   The 'equation' environment starts a 'displaymath' environment (*note
displaymath::), e.g., centering the MATH text on the page, and also
places an equation number in the right margin.

8.10 'figure'
=============

     \begin{figure[*]}[PLACEMENT]
     FIGBODY
     \label{LABEL}
     \caption[LOFTITLE]{TEXT}
     \end{figure}

   Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
instead "floated" to a convenient place, such as the top of a page.
Figures will not be split between two pages.

   When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a
full-width figure (across both columns).

   The optional argument '[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try
to place your figure.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly
put a float:

't'
     (Top)--at the top of a text page.

'b'
     (Bottom)--at the bottom of a text page.  However, 'b' is not
     allowed for full-width floats ('figure*') with double-column
     output.  To ameliorate this, use the 'stfloats' or 'dblfloatfix'
     package, but see the discussion at caveats in the FAQ:
     <http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat>.

'h'
     (Here)--at the position in the text where the 'figure' environment
     appears.  However, 't' is not allowed by itself; 't' is
     automatically added.

     To absolutely force a figure to appear "here", you can
     '\usepackage{float}' and use the 'H' specifier which it defines.
     For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
     <http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere>.

'p'
     (Page of floats)--on a separate float page, which is a page
     containing no text, only floats.

'!'
     Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX
     ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can
     appear and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the
     page.  The '!' specifier does _not_ mean "put the float here"; see
     above.

   The standard 'report' and 'article' classes use the default placement
'tbp'.

   The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
etc. you wish.

   The '\caption' command specifies caption TEXT for the figure.  The
caption is numbered by default.  If LOFTITLE is present, it is used in
the list of figures instead of TEXT (*note Tables of contents::).

   Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and
non-float text:

     The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats
     at the bottom; default '.3'.

'\floatpagefraction'
     The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by
     floats; default '.5'.

'\textfraction'
     Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
     much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
     different page.  The default is '.2'.

'\topfraction'
     Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
     floats; default '.7'.

   Parameters relating to vertical space around floats:

'\floatsep'
     Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default '12pt
     plus2pt minus2pt'.

'\intextsep'
     Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text;
     default '12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for '10pt' and '11pt' styles, '14pt
     plus4pt minus4pt' for '12pt'.

'\textfloatsep'
     Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
     default '20pt plus2pt minus4pt'.

   Counters relating to the number of floats on a page:

'bottomnumber'
     Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text
     page; default 1.

'dbltopnumber'
     Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
     two-column page; default 2.

'topnumber'
     Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
     default 2.

'totalnumber'
     Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.

   The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats:
<http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats>.

8.11 'filecontents': Create external files
==========================================

Synopsis:

     \begin{filecontents}{FILENAME}
     CONTENTS-OF-FILE
     \end{filecontents}
     ...
     \documentclass{MY-DOCUMENT-CLASS}

   The 'filecontents' environment is an "initial command", meaning that
it can be used only before the '\documentclass' command, as in the
synopsis above.

   LaTeX will create a file named FILENAME with the content
CONTENTS-OF-FILE preceded by a header comment indicating how and when
the file was generated.  If the file already exists then nothing will
happen.

   You can also use the 'filecontents' package, which has the following
advantages:

   * If the file already exists, then it will be overwritten.

   * You can use the 'filecontents' environment at any point after the
     declaration '\usepackage{filecontents}', not just before
     '\documentclass'.

   * The 'filecontents' package also provides a 'filecontents*'
     environment which is used in the same way as the 'filecontents'
     environment except that it won't insert any leading comment, so it
     is better suited to create files which aren't in LaTeX format.

   The 'filecontents' environment only creates the file, and is
unrelated to using the created file.  So you need to use, for instance,
'\input' or '\usepackage' or '\bibliography' or whatever is applicable,
to use the created file.

   This environment is also useful to make a document in a
self-contained file, for example, for a bug report, or to keep the
content of a '.bib' file in the same file as the main document.

8.12 'flushleft'
================

     \begin{flushleft}
     LINE1 \\
     LINE2 \\
     ...
     \end{flushleft}

   The 'flushleft' environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
right Each line must be terminated with the string '\\'.

8.12.1 '\raggedright'
---------------------

The '\raggedright' declaration corresponds to the 'flushleft'
environment.  This declaration can be used inside an environment such as
'quote' or in a 'parbox'.

   Unlike the 'flushleft' environment, the '\raggedright' command does
not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the
paragraph unit.

8.13 'flushright'
=================

     \begin{flushright}
     LINE1 \\
     LINE2 \\
     ...
     \end{flushright}

   The 'flushright' environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
left.  Each line must be terminated with the string '\\'.

8.13.1 '\raggedleft'
--------------------

The '\raggedleft' declaration corresponds to the 'flushright'
environment.  This declaration can be used inside an environment such as
'quote' or in a 'parbox'.

   Unlike the 'flushright' environment, the '\raggedleft' command does
not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the
paragraph unit.

8.14 'itemize'
==============

Synopsis:

     \begin{itemize}
     \item ITEM1
     \item ITEM2
     ...
     \end{itemize}

   The 'itemize' environment produces an "unordered", "bulleted" list.
Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
as 'enumerate' (*note enumerate::).

   Each item of an 'itemize' list begins with an '\item' command.  There
must be at least one '\item' command within the environment.

   By default, the marks at each level look like this:

  1. * (bullet)
  2. -- (bold en-dash)
  3. * (asterisk)
  4. .  (centered dot, rendered here as a period)

   The 'itemize' environment uses the commands '\labelitemi' through
'\labelitemiv' to produce the default label.  So, you can use
'\renewcommand' to change the labels.  For instance, to have the first
level use diamonds:

     \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}

   The '\leftmargini' through '\leftmarginvi' parameters define the
distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the
left margin of the list.  By convention, '\leftmargin' is set to the
appropriate '\leftmarginN' when a new level of nesting is entered.

   The defaults vary from '.5em' (highest levels of nesting) to '2.5em'
(first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode.  This example
greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:

     \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em

   Some parameters that affect list formatting:

'\itemindent'
     Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.

'\labelsep'
     Space between the label and text of an item; default '.5em'.

'\labelwidth'
     Width of the label; default '2em', or '1.5em' in two-column mode.

'\listparindent'
     Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within
     a list item; default '0pt'.

'\rightmargin'
     Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
     enclosing environment; default '0pt', except in the 'quote',
     'quotation', and 'verse' environments, where it is set equal to
     '\leftmargin'.

   Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather
loose, by default).

'\itemsep'
     Vertical space between items.  The default is '2pt plus1pt
     minus1pt' for '10pt' documents, '3pt plus2pt minus1pt' for '11pt',
     and '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt' for '12pt'.

'\parsep'
     Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item.
     Defaults are the same as '\itemsep'.

'\topsep'
     Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
     For top-level lists, the default is '8pt plus2pt minus4pt' for
     '10pt' documents, '9pt plus3pt minus5pt' for '11pt', and '10pt
     plus4pt minus6pt' for '12pt'.  These are reduced for nested lists.

'\partopsep'
     Extra space added to '\topsep' when the list environment starts a
     paragraph.  The default is '2pt plus1pt minus1pt' for '10pt'
     documents, '3pt plus1pt minus1pt' for '11pt', and '3pt plus2pt
     minus2pt' for '12pt'.

   Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items.  Here is an example defining an 'itemize*'
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
within a single item ('\parskip' is not list-specific, *note
\parskip::):

     \newenvironment{itemize*}%
       {\begin{itemize}%
         \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
         \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
         \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
       {\end{itemize}}

8.15 'letter' environment: writing letters
==========================================

This environment is used for creating letters.  *Note Letters::.

8.16 'list'
===========

The 'list' environment is a generic environment which is used for
defining many of the more specific environments.  It is seldom used in
documents, but often in macros.

     \begin{list}{LABELING}{SPACING}
     \item ITEM1
     \item ITEM2
     ...
     \end{list}

   The mandatory LABELING argument specifies how items should be
labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to '\item').  This
argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label.
It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.

   The mandatory SPACING argument contains commands to change the
spacing parameters for the list.  This argument will most often be
empty, i.e., '{}', which leaves the default spacing.

   The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by
'\linewidth' (*note Page layout parameters::).

8.17 'math'
===========

Synopsis:

     \begin{math}
     MATH
     \end{math}

   The 'math' environment inserts the given MATH within the running
text.  '\(...\))' and '$...$' are synonyms.  *Note Math formulas::.

8.18 'minipage'
===============

     \begin{minipage}[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}
     TEXT
     \end{minipage}

   The 'minipage' environment typesets its body TEXT in a block that
will not be broken across pages.  This is similar to the '\parbox'
command (*note \parbox::), but unlike '\parbox', other paragraph-making
environments can be used inside a minipage.

   The arguments are the same as for '\parbox' (*note \parbox::).

   By default, paragraphs are not indented in the 'minipage'
environment.  You can restore indentation with a command such as
'\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}' command.

   Footnotes in a 'minipage' environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables.  A
'\footnote' or '\footnotetext' command puts the footnote at the bottom
of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the
'\mpfootnote' counter instead of the ordinary 'footnote' counter (*note
Counters::).

   However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.

8.19 'picture'
==============

     \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
     ... PICTURE COMMANDS ...
     \end{picture}

   The 'picture' environment allows you to create just about any kind of
picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.  You tell
LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their
coordinates.  A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and
a minus sign--a number like '5', '0.3' or '-3.1416'.  A coordinate
specifies a length in multiples of the unit length '\unitlength', so if
'\unitlength' has been set to '1cm', then the coordinate 2.54 specifies
a length of 2.54 centimeters.

   You should only change the value of '\unitlength', using the
'\setlength' command, outside of a 'picture' environment.  The default
value is '1pt'.

   A position is a pair of coordinates, such as '(2.4,-5)', specifying
the point with x-coordinate '2.4' and y-coordinate '-5'.  Coordinates
are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is
normally at the lower-left corner of the picture.  Note that when a
position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the
parentheses serve to delimit the argument.

   The 'picture' environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
'position'.  It specifies the size of the picture.  The environment
produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
argument's x- and y-coordinates.

   The 'picture' environment also has an optional 'position' argument,
following the 'size' argument, that can change the origin.  (Unlike
ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square
brackets.)  The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at
the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin).
For example, if '\unitlength' has been set to '1mm', the command

     \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)

produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters,
whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right
corner is therefore the point (110,220).  When you first draw a picture,
you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the
lower-left corner.  If you then want to modify your picture by shifting
everything, you can just add the appropriate optional argument.

   The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of
the picture.  This need bear no relation to how large the picture really
is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or
even off the page.  The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in
determining how much room to leave for it.

   Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the '\put' command.
The command

     \put (11.3,-.3){...}

puts the object specified by '...' in the picture, with its reference
point at coordinates (11.3,-.3).  The reference points for various
objects will be described below.

   The '\put' command creates an "LR box".  You can put anything that
can go in an '\mbox' (*note \mbox::) in the text argument of the '\put'
command.  When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left
corner of the box.

   The 'picture' commands are described in the following sections.

8.19.1 '\circle'
----------------

Synopsis:
     \circle[*]{DIAMETER}

   The '\circle' command produces a circle with a diameter as close to
the specified one as possible.  The '*'-form of the command draws a
solid circle.

   Circles up to 40pt can be drawn.

8.19.2 '\makebox'
-----------------

Synopsis:
     \makebox(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[POSITION]{TEXT}

   The '\makebox' command for the picture environment is similar to the
normal '\makebox' command except that you must specify a WIDTH and
HEIGHT in multiples of '\unitlength'.

   The optional argument, '[POSITION]', specifies the quadrant that your
TEXT appears in.  You may select up to two of the following:

't'
     Moves the item to the top of the rectangle.

'b'
     Moves the item to the bottom.

'l'
     Moves the item to the left.

'r'
     Moves the item to the right.

   *Note \makebox::.

8.19.3 '\framebox'
------------------

Synopsis:

     \framebox(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[POS]{...}

   The '\framebox' command is like '\makebox' (see previous section),
except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it
creates.

   The '\framebox' command produces a rule of thickness '\fboxrule', and
leaves a space '\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the box.

8.19.4 '\dashbox'
-----------------

Draws a box with a dashed line.  Synopsis:

     \dashbox{DLEN}(RWIDTH,RHEIGHT)[POS]{TEXT}

   '\dashbox' creates a dashed rectangle around TEXT in a 'picture'
environment.  Dashes are DLEN units long, and the rectangle has overall
width RWIDTH and height RHEIGHT.  The TEXT is positioned at optional
POS.

   A dashed box looks best when the RWIDTH and RHEIGHT are multiples of
the DLEN.

8.19.5 '\frame'
---------------

Synopsis:

     \frame{TEXT}

   The '\frame' command puts a rectangular frame around TEXT.  The
reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame.  No extra space
is put between the frame and the object.

8.19.6 '\line'
--------------

Synopsis:

     \line(XSLOPE,YSLOPE){LENGTH}

   The '\line' command draws a line with the given LENGTH and slope
XSLOPE/YSLOPE.

   Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with SLOPE = x/y, where x and y
have integer values from -6 through 6.  For lines of any slope, and
plenty of other shapes, see 'pict2e' and many other packages on CTAN.

8.19.7 '\linethickness'
-----------------------

The '\linethickness{DIM}' command declares the thickness of horizontal
and vertical lines in a picture environment to be DIM, which must be a
positive length.

   '\linethickness' does not affect the thickness of slanted lines,
circles, or the quarter circles drawn by '\oval'.

8.19.8 '\thicklines'
--------------------

The '\thicklines' command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal
and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness::
and *note \thinlines::.

8.19.9 '\thinlines'
-------------------

The '\thinlines' command is the default line thickness for horizontal
and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness::
and *note \thicklines::.

8.19.10 '\multiput'
-------------------

Synopsis:
     \multiput(X,Y)(DELTA_X,DELTA_Y){N}{OBJ}

   The '\multiput' command copies the object OBJ in a regular pattern
across a picture.  OBJ is first placed at position (x,y), then at
(x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on, N times.

8.19.11 '\oval'
---------------

Synopsis:

     \oval(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[PORTION]

   The '\oval' command produces a rectangle with rounded corners.  The
optional argument PORTION allows you to select part of the oval via the
following:

't'
     selects the top portion;
'b'
     selects the bottom portion;
'r'
     selects the right portion;
'l'
     selects the left portion.

   The "corners" of the oval are made with quarter circles with a
maximum radius of 20pt, so large "ovals" will look more like boxes with
rounded corners.

8.19.12 '\put'
--------------

Synopsis:

     \put(XCOORD,YCOORD){ ... }

   The '\put' command places the material specified by the (mandatory)
argument in braces at the given coordinate, (XCOORD,YCOORD).

8.19.13 '\shortstack'
---------------------

Synopsis:

     \shortstack[POSITION]{...\\...\\...}

   The '\shortstack' command produces a stack of objects.  The valid
positions are:

'r'
     Move the objects to the right of the stack.
'l'
     Move the objects to the left of the stack
'c'
     Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)

   Objects are separated with '\\'.

8.19.14 '\vector'
-----------------

Synopsis:

     \vector(XSLOPE,YSLOPE){LENGTH}

   The '\vector' command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
length and slope.  The XSLOPE and YSLOPE values must lie between -4 and
+4, inclusive.

8.20 'quotation'
================

Synopsis:

     \begin{quotation}
     TEXT
     \end{quotation}

   The margins of the 'quotation' environment are indented on both the
left and the right.  The text is justified at both margins.  Leaving a
blank line between text produces a new paragraph.

   Unlike the 'quote' environment, each paragraph is indented normally.

8.21 'quote'
============

Synopsis:

     \begin{quote}
     TEXT
     \end{quote}

   The margins of the 'quote' environment are indented on both the left
and the right.  The text is justified at both margins.  Leaving a blank
line between text produces a new paragraph.

   Unlike the 'quotation' environment, paragraphs are not indented.

8.22 'tabbing'
==============

Synopsis:

     \begin{tabbing}
     ROW1COL1 \= ROW1COL2 \= ROW1COL3 \= ROW1COL4 \\
     ROW2COL1 \>                \> ROW2COL3 \\
     ...
     \end{tabbing}

   The 'tabbing' environment provides a way to align text in columns.
It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on an
ordinary typewriter.  It is best suited for cases where the width of
each column is constant and known in advance.

   This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the 'tabular'
environment.

   The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' environment:

'\\ (tabbing)'
     End a line.

'\= (tabbing)'
     Sets a tab stop at the current position.

'\> (tabbing)'
     Advances to the next tab stop.

'\<'
     Put following text to the left of the local margin (without
     changing the margin).  Can only be used at the start of the line.

'\+'
     Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands
     one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary.

'\-'
     Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands
     one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary.

'\' (tabbing)'
     Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column,
     i.e.  everything from the most recent '\>', '\<', '\'', '\\', or
     '\kill' command, to the right of the previous column, flush against
     the current column's tab stop.

'\` (tabbing)'
     Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including
     tab stop 0.  However, it can't move text to the right of the last
     column because there's no tab stop there.  The '\`' command moves
     all the text that follows it, up to the '\\' or '\end{tabbing}'
     command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
     environment.  There must be no '\>' or '\'' command between the
     '\`' and the command that ends the line.

'\a (tabbing)'
     In a 'tabbing' environment, the commands '\=', '\'' and '\`' do not
     produce accents as usual (*note Accents::).  Instead, the commands
     '\a=', '\a'' and '\a`' are used.

'\kill'
     Sets tab stops without producing text.  Works just like '\\' except
     that it throws away the current line instead of producing output
     for it.  The effect of any '\=', '\+' or '\-' commands in that line
     remain in effect.

'\poptabs'
     Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last '\pushtabs'.

'\pushtabs'
     Saves all current tab stop positions.  Useful for temporarily
     changing tab stop positions in the middle of a 'tabbing'
     environment.

'\tabbingsep'
     Distance to left of tab stop moved by '\''.

   This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:

     \begin{tabbing}
     function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
              \> begin \= \+ \\
                    \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\
                             fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
                       else \+ \\
                             fact := 1; \-\- \\
                 end;\\
     \end{tabbing}

8.23 'table'
============

Synopsis:

      \begin{table}[placement]

       body of the table

      \caption{table title}
      \end{table}

   Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page.  Tables
will not be split between two pages.

   The optional argument '[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try
to place your table.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
a float; these are the same as that used with the 'figure' environment,
and described there (*note figure::).

   The standard 'report' and 'article' classes use the default placement
'[tbp]'.

   The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
etc., you wish.  The '\caption' command allows you to title your table.

8.24 'tabular'
==============

Synopsis:

     \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
     column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
     ...
     \end{tabular}

or

     \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
     column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
     ...
     \end{tabular*}

   These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
items, aligned vertically in columns.

   '\\' must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, except
for the last, where it is optional--unless an '\hline' command (to put a
rule below the table) follows.

   The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:

'width'
     Specifies the width of the 'tabular*' environment.  There must be
     rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the
     specified width.

'pos'
     Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre
     of the environment.

     't'
          align on top row

     'b'
          align on bottom row

'cols'
     Specifies the column formatting.  It consists of a sequence of the
     following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and
     intercolumn material.

     'l'
          A column of left-aligned items.

     'r'
          A column of right-aligned items.

     'c'
          A column of centered items.

     '|'
          A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.

     '@{TEXT}'
          This inserts TEXT in every row.  An @-expression suppresses
          the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any
          desired space before the adjacent item must be included in
          TEXT.

          To insert commands that are automatically executed before a
          given column, you have to load the 'array' package and use the
          '>{...}' specifier.

          An '\extracolsep{wd}' command in an @-expression causes an
          extra space of width 'wd' to appear to the left of all
          subsequent columns, until countermanded by another
          '\extracolsep' command.  Unlike ordinary intercolumn space,
          this extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression.  An
          '\extracolsep' command can be used only in an @-expression in
          the 'cols' argument.

     'p{WD}'
          Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width
          WD, as if it were the argument of a '\parbox[t]{WD}' command.
          However, a '\\' may not appear in the item, except in the
          following situations:

            1. inside an environment like 'minipage', 'array', or
               'tabular'.
            2. inside an explicit '\parbox'.
            3. in the scope of a '\centering', '\raggedright', or
               '\raggedleft' declaration.  The latter declarations must
               appear inside braces or an environment when used in a
               'p'-column element.

     '*{NUM}{COLS}'
          Equivalent to NUM copies of COLS, where NUM is a positive
          integer and COLS is any list of column-specifiers, which may
          contain another '*-expression'.

   Parameters that control formatting:

'\arrayrulewidth'
     Thickness of the rule created by '|', '\hline', and '\vline' in the
     'tabular' and 'array' environments; the default is '.4pt'.

'\arraystretch'
     Scaling of spacing between rows in the 'tabular' and 'array'
     environments; default is '1', for no scaling.

'\doublerulesep'
     Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by '||' in
     the 'tabular' and 'array' environments; default is '2pt'.

'\tabcolsep'
     Half the width of the space between columns; default is '6pt'.

   The following commands can be used inside a 'tabular' environment:

8.24.1 '\multicolumn'
---------------------

Synopsis:
     \multicolumn{COLS}{POS}{TEXT}

   The '\multicolumn' command makes an entry that spans several columns.
The first mandatory argument, COLS, specifies the number of columns to
span.  The second mandatory argument, POS, specifies the formatting of
the entry; 'c' for centered, 'l' for flushleft, 'r' for flushright.  The
third mandatory argument, TEXT, specifies what text to put in the entry.

   Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash;
'\multicolumn' is used for the heading:

     \begin{tabular}{r@{--}l}
     \multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr
        0x80&0x7FF   \cr
       0x800&0xFFFF  \cr
     0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr
     \end{tabular}

8.24.2 '\cline'
---------------

Synopsis:

     \cline{I-J}

   The '\cline' command draws horizontal lines across the columns
specified, beginning in column I and ending in column J, which are
specified in the mandatory argument.

8.24.3 '\hline'
---------------

The '\hline' command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing
'tabular' or 'array' environment.  It's most commonly used to draw a
line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table.

8.24.4 '\vline'
---------------

The '\vline' command will draw a vertical line extending the full height
and depth of its row.  An '\hfill' command can be used to move the line
to the edge of the column.  It can also be used in an @-expression.

8.25 'thebibliography'
======================

Synopsis:

     \begin{thebibliography}{WIDEST-LABEL}
     \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY}
     ...
     \end{thebibliography}

   The 'thebibliography' environment produces a bibliography or
reference list.

   In the 'article' class, this reference list is labelled "References";
in the 'report' class, it is labelled "Bibliography".  You can change
the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the command
'\refname'.  For instance, this eliminates it entirely:

     \renewcommand{\refname}{}

   The mandatory WIDEST-LABEL argument is text that, when typeset, is as
wide as the widest item label produced by the '\bibitem' commands.  It
is typically given as '9' for bibliographies with less than 10
references, '99' for ones with less than 100, etc.

8.25.1 '\bibitem'
-----------------

Synopsis:
     \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY}

   The '\bibitem' command generates an entry labelled by LABEL.  If the
LABEL argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using the
'enumi' counter.  The CITE_KEY is any sequence of letters, numbers, and
punctuation symbols not containing a comma.

   This command writes an entry to the '.aux' file containing the item's
CITE_KEY and label.  When the '.aux' file is read by the
'\begin{document}' command, the item's 'label' is associated with
'cite_key', causing references to CITE_KEY with a '\cite' command (see
next section) to produce the associated label.

8.25.2 '\cite'
--------------

Synopsis:

     \cite[SUBCITE]{KEYS

   The KEYS argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated
by commas.  This command generates an in-text citation to the references
associated with KEYS by entries in the '.aux' file.

   The text of the optional SUBCITE argument appears after the citation.
For example, '\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce '[Knuth, p. 314]'.

8.25.3 '\nocite'
----------------

'\nocite{key_list}'

   The '\nocite' command produces no text, but writes 'key_list', which
is a list of one or more citation keys, on the '.aux' file.

8.25.4 Using BibTeX
-------------------

If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if
you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain
your bibliography, you don't use the 'thebibliography' environment
(*note thebibliography::).  Instead, you include the lines

     \bibliographystyle{BIBSTYLE}
     \bibliography{BIBFILE1,BIBFILE2}

   The '\bibliographystyle' command does not produce any output of its
own.  Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will be
produced: BIBSTYLE refers to a file BIBSTYLE'.bst', which defines how
your citations will look.  The standard STYLE names distributed with
BibTeX are:

'alpha'
     Sorted alphabetically.  Labels are formed from name of author and
     year of publication.
'plain'
     Sorted alphabetically.  Labels are numeric.
'unsrt'
     Like 'plain', but entries are in order of citation.
'abbrv'
     Like 'plain', but more compact labels.

   In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the
demands of various publications.  See
<http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib>.

   The '\bibliography' command is what actually produces the
bibliography.  The argument to '\bibliography' refers to files named
'BIBFILE.bib', which should contain your database in BibTeX format.
Only the entries referred to via '\cite' and '\nocite' will be listed in
the bibliography.

8.26 'theorem'
==============

Synopsis:

     \begin{theorem}
     THEOREM-TEXT
     \end{theorem}

   The 'theorem' environment produces "Theorem N" in boldface followed
by THEOREM-TEXT, where the numbering possibilities for N are described
under '\newtheorem' (*note \newtheorem::).

8.27 'titlepage'
================

Synopsis:

     \begin{titlepage}
     TEXT
     \end{titlepage}

   The 'titlepage' environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with
no printed page number or heading.  It also causes the following page to
be numbered page one.  Formatting the title page is left to you.  The
'\today' command may be useful on title pages (*note \today::).

   You can use the '\maketitle' command (*note \maketitle::) to produce
a standard title page without a 'titlepage' environment.

8.28 'verbatim'
===============

Synopsis:

     \begin{verbatim}
     LITERAL-TEXT
     \end{verbatim}

   The 'verbatim' environment is a paragraph-making environment in which
LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the '\' character
produces a printed '\'.  It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage
returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a
typewriter.

   The 'verbatim' uses a monospaced typewriter-like font ('\tt').

8.28.1 '\verb'
--------------

Synopsis:

     \verbCHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR
     \verb*CHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR

   The '\verb' command typesets LITERAL-TEXT as it is input, including
special characters and spaces, using the typewriter ('\tt') font.  No
spaces are allowed between '\verb' or '\verb*' and the delimiter CHAR,
which begins and ends the verbatim text.  The delimiter must not appear
in LITERAL-TEXT.

   The '*'-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a "visible
space" character.

8.29 'verse'
============

Synopsis:

     \begin{verse}
     LINE1 \\
     LINE2 \\
     ...
     \end{verse}

   The 'verse' environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
other uses for it.

   The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are
not indented, and the text is not justified.  Separate the lines of each
stanza with '\\', and use one or more blank lines to separate the
stanzas.

9 Line breaking
***************

The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate
your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces.  To produce a
printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines (and these
lines must be broken into pages).

   LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in some
environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the '\\' command,
and you can always manually force breaks.

9.1 '\\'[*][MORESPACE]
======================

The '\\' command tells LaTeX to start a new line.  It has an optional
argument, MORESPACE, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to
be inserted before the next line.  This can be a negative amount.

   The '\\*' command is the same as the ordinary '\\' command except
that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.

9.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr'
============================

The '\obeycr' command makes a return in the input file ('^^M',
internally) the same as '\\' (followed by '\relax').  So each new line
in the input will also be a new line in the output.

   '\restorecr' restores normal line-breaking behavior.

9.3 '\newline'
==============

The '\newline' command breaks the line at the present point, with no
stretching of the text before it.  It can only be used in paragraph
mode.

9.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen)
===============================

The '\-' command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that
point.  LaTeX is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds most of
the correct hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect
one.  The '\-' command is used for the exceptional cases.

   When you insert '\-' commands in a word, the word will only be
hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that
LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.

9.5 '\fussy'
============

The declaration '\fussy' (which is the default) makes TeX picky about
line breaking.  This usually avoids too much space between words, at the
cost of an occasional overfull box.

   This command cancels the effect of a previous '\sloppy' command
(*note \sloppy::.

9.6 '\sloppy'
=============

The declaration '\sloppy' makes TeX less fussy about line breaking.
This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing.

   Lasts until a '\fussy' command is issued (*note \fussy::).

9.7 '\hyphenation'
==================

Synopsis:

     \hyphenation{WORD-ONE WORD-TWO}

   The '\hyphenation' command declares allowed hyphenation points with a
'-' character in the given words.  The words are separated by spaces.
TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no inflections are
tried.  Multiple '\hyphenation' commands accumulate.  Some examples (the
default TeX hyphenation patterns misses the hyphenations in these
words):

     \hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases}

9.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak'
=================================

Synopses:

     \linebreak[PRIORITY]
     \nolinebreak[PRIORITY]

   By default, the '\linebreak' ('\nolinebreak') command forces
(prevents) a line break at the current position.  For '\linebreak', the
spaces in the line are stretched out so that it extends to the right
margin as usual.

   With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the command from
a demand to a request.  The PRIORITY must be a number from 0 to 4.  The
higher the number, the more insistent the request.

10 Page breaking
****************

LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
accumulated to fill up a page.  Usually this happens automatically, but
sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.

10.1 '\cleardoublepage'
=======================

The '\cleardoublepage' command ends the current page and causes all
figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.

10.2 '\clearpage'
=================

The '\clearpage' command ends the current page and causes all figures
and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.

10.3 '\newpage'
===============

The '\newpage' command ends the current page, but does not clear floats
(see '\clearpage' above).

10.4 '\enlargethispage'
=======================

'\enlargethispage{size}'

   '\enlargethispage*{size}'

   Enlarge the '\textheight' for the current page by the specified
amount; e.g.  '\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}' will allow one
additional line.

   The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page
as much as possible.  This is normally used together with an explicit
'\pagebreak'.

10.5 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak'
==================================

Synopses:

     \pagebreak[PRIORITY]
     \nopagebreak[PRIORITY]

   By default, the '\pagebreak' ('\nopagebreak') command forces
(prevents) a page break at the current position.  With '\pagebreak', the
vertical space on the page is stretched out where possible so that it
extends to the normal bottom margin.

   With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the '\pagebreak'
command from a demand to a request.  The number must be a number from 0
to 4.  The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.

11 Footnotes
************

Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways.  They can be produced with
one command, the '\footnote' command.  They can also be produced with
two commands, the '\footnotemark' and the '\footnotetext' commands.

11.1 '\footnote'
================

Synopsis:

     \footnote[NUMBER]{TEXT}

   The '\footnote' command places the numbered footnote TEXT at the
bottom of the current page.  The optional argument NUMBER changes the
default footnote number.

   This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you
cannot use it in sectioning commands like '\chapter', in figures, tables
or in a 'tabular' environment.  (See following sections.)

11.2 '\footnotemark'
====================

With no optional argument, the '\footnotemark' command puts the current
footnote number in the text.  This command can be used in inner
paragraph mode.  You give the text of the footnote separately, with the
'\footnotetext' command.

   This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote
markers referring to the same footnote with

     \footnotemark[\value{footnote}]

after the first '\footnote' command.

11.3 '\footnotetext'
====================

Synopsis:

     \footnotetext[NUMBER]{TEXT}

   The '\footnotetext' command places TEXT at the bottom of the page as
a footnote.  This command can come anywhere after the '\footnotemark'
command.  The '\footnotetext' command must appear in outer paragraph
mode.

   The optional argument NUMBER changes the default footnote number.

11.4 Symbolic footnotes
=======================

If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing
numbers, redefine '\thefootnote' like this:

     \renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}

   The '\fnsymbol' command produces a predefined series of symbols
(*note \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::).  If you want to
use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you'll need to also
redefine '\@fnsymbol'.

11.5 Footnote parameters
========================

'\footnoterule'
     Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the
     page's footnotes.  Default dimensions: '0.4pt' thick (or wide), and
     '0.4\columnwidth' long in the standard document classes (except
     'slides', where it does not appear).

'\footnotesep'
     The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote.
     By default, this is set to the normal strut for '\footnotesize'
     fonts (*note Font sizes::), therefore there is no extra space
     between footnotes.  This is '6.65pt' for '10pt', '7.7pt' for
     '11pt', and '8.4pt' for '12pt'.

12 Definitions
**************

LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds.

12.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand'
====================================

'\newcommand' and '\renewcommand' define and redefine a command,
respectively.  Synopses:

       \newcommand[*]{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGVAL]{DEFN}
     \renewcommand[*]{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGVAL]{DEFN}

'*'
     The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not
     contain multiple paragraphs of text (not '\long', in plain TeX
     terms).

CMD
     The command name, beginning with '\'.  For '\newcommand', it must
     not be already defined and must not begin with '\end'; for
     '\renewcommand', it must already be defined.

NARGS
     An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments
     that the command will take.  The default is for the command to have
     no arguments.

OPTARGVAL
     If this optional parameter is present, it means that the first
     argument of command CMD is optional and its default value (i.e., if
     it is not specified in the call) is OPTARG.  In otherwise, when
     calling the macro, if no '[VALUE]' is given after 'CMD'--which is
     different from having '[]' for an empty VALUE--then string
     'OPTARGVAL' becomes the value of '#1' within DEFN when the macro is
     expanded.

DEFN
     The text to be substituted for every occurrence of 'cmd'; a
     construct of the form '#N' in DEFN is replaced by the text of the
     Nth argument.

12.2 '\newcounter'
==================

Synopsis:

     \newcounter{COUNTERNAME}[SUPERCOUNTER]

   The '\newcounter' command defines a new counter named COUNTERNAME.
The new counter is initialized to zero.

   Given the optional argument '[SUPER]', COUNTERNAME will be reset
whenever the counter named SUPERCOUNTER is incremented.

   *Note Counters::, for more information about counters.

12.3 '\newlength'
=================

Synopsis:

     \newlength{\ARG}

   The '\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument as a "length"
command with a value of zero.  The argument must be a control sequence,
as in '\newlength{\foo}'.  An error occurs if '\foo' is already defined.

   *Note Lengths::, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value,
and for more information about lengths in general.

12.4 '\newsavebox'
==================

Synopsis:

     \newsavebox{CMD}

   Defines '\CMD', which must be a command name not already defined, to
refer to a new bin for storing boxes.

12.5 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment'
============================================

Synopses:

       \newenvironment[*]{ENV}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF}
     \renewenvironment[*]{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF}

   These commands define or redefine an environment ENV, that is,
'\begin{ENV} ... \end{ENV}'.

'*'
     The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments (not the
     contents of the environment) not contain multiple paragraphs of
     text.

ENV
     The name of the environment.  For '\newenvironment', ENV must not
     be an existing environment, and the command '\ENV' must be
     undefined.  For '\renewenvironment', ENV must be the name of an
     existing environment.

NARGS
     An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the
     newly-defined environment.  The default is no arguments.

DEFAULT
     If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and DEFAULT
     gives the default value for that argument.

BEGDEF
     The text expanded at every occurrence of '\begin{ENV}'; a construct
     of the form '#N' in BEGDEF is replaced by the text of the Nth
     argument.

ENDDEF
     The text expanded at every occurrence of '\end{ENV}'.  It may not
     contain any argument parameters.

12.6 '\newtheorem'
==================

     \newtheorem{NEWENV}{LABEL}[WITHIN]
     \newtheorem{NEWENV}[NUMBERED_LIKE]{LABEL}

   This command defines a theorem-like environment.  Arguments:

NEWENV
     The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of
     an existing environment or otherwise defined.

LABEL
     The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
     number.  For example, 'Theorem'.

NUMBERED_LIKE
     (Optional.)  The name of an already defined theorem-like
     environment; the new environment will be numbered just like
     NUMBERED_LIKE.

WITHIN
     (Optional.)  The name of an already defined counter, a sectional
     unit.  The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as
     the WITHIN counter.

   At most one of NUMBERED_LIKE and WITHIN can be specified, not both.

12.7 '\newfont'
===============

Synopsis:

     \newfont{CMD}{FONTNAME}

   Defines a control sequence '\CMD', which must not already be defined,
to make FONTNAME be the current font.  The file looked for on the system
is named 'FONTNAME.tfm'.

   This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font.
More commonly, fonts are defined in families through '.fd' files.

12.8 '\protect'
===============

Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
many more are so-called "fragile" commands.  When a fragile command is
used in certain contexts, called "moving arguments", it must be preceded
by '\protect'.  In addition, any fragile commands within the arguments
must have their own '\protect'.

   Some examples of moving arguments are '\caption' (*note figure::),
'\thanks' (*note \maketitle::), and expressions in 'tabular' and 'array'
environments (*note tabular::).

   Commands which are not fragile are called "robust".  They must not be
preceded by '\protect'.

   See also:

<http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html>
<http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect>

13 Counters
***********

Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it.  The
name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or
command that produces the number, except with no '\'.  ('enumi'-'enumiv'
are used for the nested enumerate environment.)  Below is a list of the
counters used in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering.

     part            paragraph       figure          enumi
     chapter         subparagraph    table           enumii
     section         page            footnote        enumiii
     subsection      equation        mpfootnote      enumiv
     subsubsection

13.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters
=====================================================================

All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
instance, '\alph{enumi}'.

'\alph'
     prints COUNTER using lowercase letters: 'a', 'b', ...

'\Alph'
     uses uppercase letters: 'A', 'B', ...

'\arabic'
     uses Arabic numbers: '1', '2', ...

'\roman'
     uses lowercase roman numerals: 'i', 'ii', ...

'\Roman'
     uses uppercase roman numerals: 'I', 'II', ...

'\fnsymbol'
     prints the value of COUNTER in a specific sequence of nine symbols
     (conventionally used for labeling footnotes).  The value of COUNTER
     must be between 1 and 9, inclusive.

     Here are the symbols (as Unicode code points in ASCII output):

          asterisk(*) dagger(U+2021) ddagger(U+2021)
          section-sign(U+00A7) paragraph-sign(U+00B6) parallel(U+2225)
          double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(U+2021U+2021) double-ddagger(U+2021U+2021)

13.2 '\usecounter{COUNTER}'
===========================

Synopsis:

     \usecounter{COUNTER}

   The '\usecounter' command is used in the second argument of the
'list' environment to specify COUNTER to be used to number the list
items.

13.3 '\value{COUNTER}'
======================

Synopsis:

     \value{COUNTER}

   The '\value' command produces the value of COUNTER.  It can be used
anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example:

     \setcounter{myctr}{3}
     \addtocounter{myctr}{1}
     \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}

13.4 '\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
==================================

Synopsis:

     \setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}

   The '\setcounter' command sets the value of COUNTER to the VALUE
argument.

13.5 '\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
====================================

The '\addtocounter' command increments COUNTER by the amount specified
by the VALUE argument, which may be negative.

13.6 '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}'
===============================

The '\refstepcounter' command works in the same way as '\stepcounter'
*Note \stepcounter::, except it also defines the current '\ref' value to
be the result of '\thecounter'.

13.7 '\stepcounter{COUNTER}'
============================

The '\stepcounter' command adds one to COUNTER and resets all subsidiary
counters.

13.8 '\day \month \year': Predefined counters
=============================================

LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month ('\day', 1-31), month of
the year ('\month', 1-12), and year ('\year', Common Era).  When TeX
starts up, they are set to the current values on the system where TeX is
running.  They are not updated as the job progresses.

   The related command '\today' produces a string representing the
current day (*note \today::).

14 Lengths
**********

A 'length' is a measure of distance.  Many LaTeX commands take a length
as an argument.

14.1 '\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}'
==============================

The '\setlength' sets the value of \LEN to the VALUE argument, which can
be expressed in any units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches ('in'),
millimeters ('mm'), points ('pt'), big points ('bp', etc.

14.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT}
===============================

The '\addtolength' command increments a "length command" \LEN by the
amount specified in the AMOUNT argument, which may be negative.

14.3 '\settodepth'
==================

'\settodepth{\gnat}{text}'

   The '\settodepth' command sets the value of a 'length' command equal
to the depth of the 'text' argument.

14.4 '\settoheight'
===================

'\settoheight{\gnat}{text}'

   The '\settoheight' command sets the value of a 'length' command equal
to the height of the 'text' argument.

14.5 '\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}'
==============================

The '\settowidth' command sets the value of the command \LEN to the
width of the TEXT argument.

14.6 Predefined lengths
=======================

'\width'

   '\height'

   '\depth'

   '\totalheight'

   These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the
box-making commands (*note Boxes::).  They specify the natural width,
etc., of the text in the box.  '\totalheight' equals '\height' +
'\depth'.  To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural
size, e.g., say

   '\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}'

15 Making paragraphs
********************

A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines--lines not
containing even a '%'.  A blank line should not appear where a new
paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
a sectioning command.

15.1 '\indent'
==============

'\indent' produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of
the '\parindent' length, the normal paragraph indentation.  It is used
to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed.

   The default value for '\parindent' is '1em' in two-column mode,
otherwise '15pt' for '10pt' documents, '17pt' for '11pt', and '1.5em'
for '12pt'.

15.2 '\noindent'
================

When used at the beginning of the paragraph, '\noindent' suppresses any
paragraph indentation.  It has no effect when used in the middle of a
paragraph.

15.3 '\parskip'
===============

'\parskip' is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before
each paragraph.  The default is '0pt plus1pt'.

15.4 Marginal notes
===================

Synopsis:

     \marginpar[LEFT]{RIGHT}

   The '\marginpar' command creates a note in the margin.  The first
line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text
where the '\marginpar' occurs.

   When you only specify the mandatory argument RIGHT, the text will be
placed

   * in the right margin for one-sided layout;
   * in the outside margin for two-sided layout;
   * in the nearest margin for two-column layout.

   The command '\reversemarginpar' places subsequent marginal notes in
the opposite (inside) margin.  '\normalmarginpar' places them in the
default position.

   When you specify both arguments, LEFT is used for the left margin,
and RIGHT is used for the right margin.

   The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
hyphenation there by beginning the node with '\hspace{0pt}'.

   These parameters affect the formatting of the note:

'\marginparpush'
     Minimum vertical space between notes; default '7pt' for '12pt'
     documents, '5pt' else.

'\marginparsep'
     Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default '11pt'
     for '10pt' documents, '10pt' else.

'\marginparwidth'
     Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided '10pt' document
     is '90pt', '83pt' for '11pt', and '68pt' for '12pt'; '17pt' more in
     each case for a two-sided document.  In two column mode, the
     default is '48pt'.

   The standard LaTeX routine for marginal notes does not prevent notes
from falling off the bottom of the page.

16 Math formulas
****************

There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:

'math'
     For formulas that appear right in the text.
'displaymath'
     For formulas that appear on their own line.
'equation'
     The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an
     equation number in the right margin.

   The 'math' environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but
the 'displaymath' and 'equation' environments can be used only in
paragraph mode.  The 'math' and 'displaymath' environments are used so
often that they have the following short forms:

     \(...\)   instead of   \begin{math}...\end{math}
     \[...\]   instead of   \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}

   In fact, the 'math' environment is so common that it has an even
shorter form:

     $ ... $   instead of   \(...\)

   The '\boldmath' command changes math letters and symbols to be in a
bold font.  It is used _outside_ of math mode.  Conversely, the
'\unboldmath' command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it too
is used _outside_ of math mode.

   The '\displaystyle' declaration forces the size and style of the
formula to be that of 'displaymath', e.g., with limits above and below
summations.  For example
     $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $

16.1 Subscripts & superscripts
==============================

To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type
'_{'exp'}'.  To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type '^{'exp'}'.
LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the
natural way.  It even does the right thing when something has both a
subscript and a superscript.

16.2 Math symbols
=================

LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need.
The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode.  For
example, if you include '$\pi$' in your source, you will get the pi
symbol (\pi) in your output.

'\|'
     \|

'\aleph'
     \aleph

'\alpha'
     \alpha

'\amalg'
     \amalg (binary operation)

'\angle'
     \angle

'\approx'
     \approx (relation)

'\ast'
     \ast (binary operation)

'\asymp'
     \asymp (relation)

'\backslash'
     \ (delimiter)

'\beta'
     \beta

'\bigcap'
     \bigcap

'\bigcirc'
     \bigcirc (binary operation)

'\bigcup'
     \bigcup

'\bigodot'
     \bigodot

'\bigoplus'
     \bigoplus

'\bigotimes'
     \bigotimes

'\bigtriangledown'
     \bigtriangledown (binary operation)

'\bigtriangleup'
     \bigtriangleup (binary operation)

'\bigsqcup'
     \bigsqcup

'\biguplus'
     \biguplus

'\bigcap'
     \bigvee

'\bigwedge'
     \bigwedge

'\bot'
     \bot

'\bowtie'
     \bowtie (relation)

'\Box'
     (square open box symbol)

'\bullet'
     \bullet (binary operation)

'\cap'
     \cap (binary operation)

'\cdot'
     \cdot (binary operation)

'\chi'
     \chi

'\circ'
     \circ (binary operation)

'\clubsuit'
     \clubsuit

'\cong'
     \cong (relation)

'\coprod'
     \coprod

'\cup'
     \cup (binary operation)

'\dagger'
     \dagger (binary operation)

'\dashv'
     \dashv (relation)

'\ddagger'
     \dagger (binary operation)

'\Delta'
     \Delta

'\delta'
     \delta

'\Diamond'
     bigger \diamond

'\diamond'
     \diamond (binary operation)

'\diamondsuit'
     \diamondsuit

'\div'
     \div (binary operation)

'\doteq'
     \doteq (relation)

'\downarrow'
     \downarrow (delimiter)

'\Downarrow'
     \Downarrow (delimiter)

'\ell'
     \ell

'\emptyset'
     \emptyset

'\epsilon'
     \epsilon

'\equiv'
     \equiv (relation)

'\eta'
     \eta

'\exists'
     \exists

'\flat'
     \flat

'\forall'
     \forall

'\frown'
     \frown (relation)

'\Gamma'
     \Gamma

'\gamma'
     \gamma

'\ge'
     \ge

'\geq'
     \geq (relation)

'\gets'
     \gets

'\gg'
     \gg (relation)

'\hbar'
     \hbar

'\heartsuit'
     \heartsuit

'\hookleftarrow'
     \hookleftarrow

'\hookrightarrow'
     \hookrightarrow

'\iff'
     \iff

'\Im'
     \Im

'\in'
     \in (relation)

'\infty'
     \infty

'\int'
     \int

'\iota'
     \iota

'\Join'
     condensed bowtie symbol (relation)

'\kappa'
     \kappa

'\Lambda'
     \Lambda

'\lambda'
     \lambda

'\land'
     \land

'\langle'
     \langle (delimiter)

'\lbrace'
     \lbrace (delimiter)

'\lbrack'
     \lbrack (delimiter)

'\lceil'
     \lceil (delimiter)

'\le'
     \le

'\leadsto'

'\Leftarrow'
     \Leftarrow

'\leftarrow'
     \leftarrow

'\leftharpoondown'
     \leftharpoondown

'\leftharpoonup'
     \leftharpoonup

'\Leftrightarrow'
     \Leftrightarrow

'\leftrightarrow'
     \leftrightarrow

'\leq'
     \leq (relation)

'\lfloor'
     \lfloor (delimiter)

'\lhd'
     (left-pointing arrow head)

'\ll'
     \ll (relation)

'\lnot'
     \lnot

'\longleftarrow'
     \longleftarrow

'\longleftrightarrow'
     \longleftrightarrow

'\longmapsto'
     \longmapsto

'\longrightarrow'
     \longrightarrow

'\lor'
     \lor

'\mapsto'
     \mapsto

'\mho'

'\mid'
     \mid (relation)

'\models'
     \models (relation)

'\mp'
     \mp (binary operation)

'\mu'
     \mu

'\nabla'
     \nabla

'\natural'
     \natural

'\ne'
     \ne

'\nearrow'
     \nearrow

'\neg'
     \neg

'\neq'
     \neq (relation)

'\ni'
     \ni (relation)

'\not'
     Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=.

'\notin'
     \ni

'\nu'
     \nu

'\nwarrow'
     \nwarrow

'\odot'
     \odot (binary operation)

'\oint'
     \oint

'\Omega'
     \Omega

'\omega'
     \omega

'\ominus'
     \ominus (binary operation)

'\oplus'
     \oplus (binary operation)

'\oslash'
     \oslash (binary operation)

'\otimes'
     \otimes (binary operation)

'\owns'
     \owns

'\parallel'
     \parallel (relation)

'\partial'
     \partial

'\perp'
     \perp (relation)

'\phi'
     \phi

'\Pi'
     \Pi

'\pi'
     \pi

'\pm'
     \pm (binary operation)

'\prec'
     \prec (relation)

'\preceq'
     \preceq (relation)

'\prime'
     \prime

'\prod'
     \prod

'\propto'
     \propto (relation)

'\Psi'
     \Psi

'\psi'
     \psi

'\rangle'
     \rangle (delimiter)

'\rbrace'
     \rbrace (delimiter)

'\rbrack'
     \rbrack (delimiter)

'\rceil'
     \rceil (delimiter)

'\Re'
     \Re

'\rfloor'
     \rfloor

'\rhd'
     (binary operation)

'\rho'
     \rho

'\Rightarrow'
     \Rightarrow

'\rightarrow'
     \rightarrow

'\rightharpoondown'
     \rightharpoondown

'\rightharpoonup'
     \rightharpoonup

'\rightleftharpoons'
     \rightleftharpoons

'\searrow'
     \searrow

'\setminus'
     \setminus (binary operation)

'\sharp'
     \sharp

'\Sigma'
     \Sigma

'\sigma'
     \sigma

'\sim'
     \sim (relation)

'\simeq'
     \simeq (relation)

'\smallint'
     \smallint

'\smile'
     \smile (relation)

'\spadesuit'
     \spadesuit

'\sqcap'
     \sqcap (binary operation)

'\sqcup'
     \sqcup (binary operation)

'\sqsubset'
     (relation)

'\sqsubseteq'
     \sqsubseteq (relation)

'\sqsupset'
     (relation)

'\sqsupseteq'
     \sqsupseteq (relation)

'\star'
     \star (binary operation)

'\subset'
     \subset (relation)

'\subseteq'
     \subseteq (relation)

'\succ'
     \succ (relation)

'\succeq'
     \succeq (relation)

'\sum'
     \sum

'\supset'
     \supset (relation)

'\supseteq'
     \supseteq (relation)

'\surd'
     \surd

'\swarrow'
     \swarrow

'\tau'
     \tau

'\theta'
     \theta

'\times'
     \times (binary operation)

'\to'
     \to

'\top'
     \top

'\triangle'
     \triangle

'\triangleleft'
     \triangleleft (binary operation)

'\triangleright'
     \triangleright (binary operation)

'\unlhd'
     left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation)

'\unrhd'
     right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation)

'\Uparrow'
     \Uparrow (delimiter)

'\uparrow'
     \uparrow (delimiter)

'\Updownarrow'
     \Updownarrow (delimiter)

'\updownarrow'
     \updownarrow (delimiter)

'\uplus'
     \uplus (binary operation)

'\Upsilon'
     \Upsilon

'\upsilon'
     \upsilon

'\varepsilon'
     \varepsilon

'\varphi'
     \varphi

'\varpi'
     \varpi

'\varrho'
     \varrho

'\varsigma'
     \varsigma

'\vartheta'
     \vartheta

'\vdash'
     \vdash (relation)

'\vee'
     \vee (binary operation)

'\Vert'
     \Vert (delimiter)

'\vert'
     \vert (delimiter)

'\wedge'
     \wedge (binary operation)

'\wp'
     \wp

'\wr'
     \wr (binary operation)

'\Xi'
     \Xi

'\xi'
     \xi

'\zeta'
     \zeta

16.3 Math functions
===================

These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.

'\arccos'
     \arccos

'\arcsin'
     \arcsin

'\arctan'
     \arctan

'\arg'
     \arg

'\bmod'
     Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y)

'\cos'
     \cos

'\cosh'
     \cosh

'\cot'
     \cos

'\coth'
     \cosh

'\csc'
     \csc

'\deg'
     \deg

'\det'
     \deg

'\dim'
     \dim

'\exp'
     \exp

'\gcd'
     \gcd

'\hom'
     \hom

'\inf'
     \inf

'\ker'
     \ker

'\lg'
     \lg

'\lim'
     \lim

'\liminf'
     \liminf

'\limsup'
     \limsup

'\ln'
     \ln

'\log'
     \log

'\max'
     \max

'\min'
     \min

'\pmod'
     parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1)

'\Pr'
     \Pr

'\sec'
     \sec

'\sin'
     \sin

'\sinh'
     \sinh

'\sup'
     sup

'\tan'
     \tan

'\tanh'
     \tanh

16.4 Math accents
=================

LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in
math.  These are different from accents in normal text (*note
Accents::).

'\acute'
     Math acute accent: \acute{x}.

'\bar'
     Math bar-over accent: \bar{x}.

'\breve'
     Math breve accent: \breve{x}.

'\check'
     Math ha'c<ek (check) accent: \check{x}.

'\ddot'
     Math dieresis accent: \ddot{x}.

'\dot'
     Math dot accent: \dot{x}.

'\grave'
     Math grave accent: \grave{x}.

'\hat'
     Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hat{x}.

'\imath'
     Math dotless i.

'\jmath'
     Math dotless j.

'\mathring'
     Math ring accent: x*.

'\tilde'
     Math tilde accent: \tilde{x}.

'\vec'
     Math vector symbol: \vec{x}.

'\widehat'
     Math wide hat accent: \widehat{x+y}.

'\widehat'
     Math wide tilde accent: \widetilde{x+y}.

16.5 Spacing in math mode
=========================

In a 'math' environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in
the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics texts.  If you
want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following commands for use in
math mode:

'\;'
     A thick space (5\over18\,quad).
'\:'
'\>'
     Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad).
'\,'
     A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode.
'\!'
     A negative thin space (-{1\over6}\,quad).

16.6 Math miscellany
====================

'\*'
     A "discretionary" multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
     allowed.

'\cdots'
     A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the
     line.

'\ddots'
     A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots.

'\frac{num}{den}'
     Produces the fraction 'num' divided by 'den'.

'\left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2'
     The two delimiters need not match; '.' acts as a null delimiter,
     producing no output.  The delimiters are sized according to the
     math in between.  Example: '\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]'.

'\overbrace{TEXT}'
     Generates a brace over TEXT.  For example,
     \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}.

'\overline{TEXT}'
     Generates a horizontal line over TEX.  For example, \overline{x+y}.

'\sqrt[ROOT]{arg}'
     Produces the representation of the square root of ARG.  The
     optional argument ROOT determines what root to produce.  For
     example, the cube root of 'x+y' would be typed as
     '$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$'.

'\stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}'
     Puts TEXT above RELATION.  For example,
     '\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}'.

'\underbrace{math}'
     Generates MATH with a brace underneath.

'\underline{text}'
     Causes TEXT, which may be either math mode or not, to be
     underlined.  The line is always below the text, taking account of
     descenders.

'\vdots'
     Produces a vertical ellipsis.

17 Modes
********

When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
modes:

   * Paragraph mode
   * Math mode
   * Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short

   Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or
when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing
commands.

   "Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when
processing ordinary text.  In this mode, LaTeX breaks the input text
into lines and breaks the lines into pages.

   LaTeX is in "math mode" when it's generating a mathematical formula,
either displayed math or within a line.

   In "LR mode", as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that
it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them.  However,
unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never
starts a new line in LR mode.  Even if you put a hundred words into an
'\mbox', LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left to right inside a
single box (and then most likely complain because the resulting box was
too wide to fit on the line).  LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making
a box with an '\mbox' command.  You can get it to enter a different mode
inside the box--for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a
formula in the box.

   There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
making a box that put LaTeX into paragraph mode.  The box made by one of
these commands or environments will be called a 'parbox'.  When LaTeX is
in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner
paragraph mode" (no page breaks).  Its normal paragraph mode, which it
starts out in, is called "outer paragraph mode".

18 Page styles
**************

The '\documentclass' command determines the size and position of the
page's head and foot.  The page style determines what goes in them.

18.1 '\maketitle'
=================

The '\maketitle' command generates a title on a separate title
page--except in the 'article' class, where the title is placed at the
top of the first page.  Information used to produce the title is
obtained from the following declarations:

'\author{NAME \and NAME2}'
     The '\author' command declares the document author(s), where the
     argument is a list of authors separated by '\and' commands.  Use
     '\\' to separate lines within a single author's entry--for example,
     to give the author's institution or address.

'\date{TEXT}'
     The '\date' command declares TEXT to be the document's date.  With
     no '\date' command, the current date (*note \today::) is used.

'\thanks{TEXT}'
     The '\thanks' command produces a '\footnote' to the title, usually
     used for credit acknowledgements.

'\title{TEXT}'
     The '\title' command declares TEXT to be the title of the document.
     Use '\\' to force a line break, as usual.

18.2 '\pagenumbering'
=====================

Synopsis:

     \pagenumbering{STYLE}

   Specifies the style of page numbers, according to STYLE; also resets
the page number to 1.  The STYLE argument is one of the following:

'arabic'
     arabic numerals

'roman'
     lowercase Roman numerals

'Roman'
     uppercase Roman numerals

'alph'
     lowercase letters

'Alph'
     uppercase letters

18.3 '\pagestyle'
=================

Synopsis:

     \pagestyle{STYLE}

   The '\pagestyle' command specifies how the headers and footers are
typeset from the current page onwards.  Values for STYLE:

'plain'
     Just a plain page number.

'empty'
     Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.

'headings'
     Put running headers on each page.  The document style specifies
     what goes in the headers.

'myheadings'
     Custom headers, specified via the '\markboth' or the '\markright'
     commands.

   Here are the descriptions of '\markboth' and '\markright':

'\markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}'
     Sets both the left and the right heading.  A "left-hand heading"
     (LEFT) is generated by the last '\markboth' command before the end
     of the page, while a "right-hand heading" (RIGHT) is generated by
     the first '\markboth' or '\markright' that comes on the page if
     there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page.

'\markright{RIGHT}'
     Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.

18.4 '\thispagestyle{STYLE}'
============================

The '\thispagestyle' command works in the same manner as the
'\pagestyle' command (see previous section) except that it changes to
STYLE for the current page only.

19 Spaces
*********

LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.

   Another space-producing command is '\,' to produce a "thin" space
(usually 1/6quad).  It can be used in text mode, but is more often
useful in math mode (*note Spacing in math mode::).

19.1 '\hspace'
==============

Synopsis:

     \hspace[*]{LENGTH}

   The '\hspace' command adds horizontal space.  The LENGTH argument can
be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands: points, inches, etc.
It is a rubber length.  You can add both negative and positive space
with an '\hspace' command; adding negative space is like backspacing.

   LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning
or end of a line.  To preserve this space, use the optional '*' form.

19.2 '\hfill'
=============

The '\hfill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which has no
natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed.

   The '\fill' parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, the
glue value '0pt plus1fill'); thus, '\hspace\fill' is equivalent to
'\hfill'.

19.3 '\SPACE': Normal interword space
=====================================

The '\ ' (space) command produces a normal interword space.  It's useful
after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence.  For example, 'the
article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental'.  It is also often
used after control sequences, as in '\TeX\ is a nice system.'

   In normal circumstances, '\'<tab> and '\'<newline> are equivalent to
'\ '.

19.4 '\@': Force sentence-ending punctuation
============================================

The '\@' command makes the following punctuation character end a
sentence even if it normally would not.  This is typically used after a
capital letter.  Here are side-by-side examples with and without '\@':

     ... in C\@. Pascal, though ...
     ... in C. Pascal, though ...

produces

     ... in C.  Pascal, though ...
     ... in C. Pascal, though ...

19.5 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em
===============================

'\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6
of an em.  This is the proper space to use between nested quotes, as in
'".

19.6 '\/': Insert italic correction
===================================

The '\/' command produces an "italic correction".  This is a small space
defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the
character colliding with whatever follows.  The italic f character
typically has a large italic correction value.

   If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary
to insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
very small height.  However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
normal letters, it can help.  Compare f: f; (in the TeX output, the 'f's
are nicely separated) with f: f;.

   When changing fonts with commands such as '\textit{italic text}' or
'{\itshape italic text}', LaTeX will automatically insert an italic
correction if appropriate (*note Font styles::).

   Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
correction.  Compare pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space
after the 'f') with pdfTeX.

   There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is
done in a different way.

19.7 '\hrulefill'
=================

The '\hrulefill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which can
stretch or shrink horizontally.  It will be filled with a horizontal
rule.

19.8 '\dotfill'
===============

The '\dotfill' command produces a "rubber length" that fills with dots
instead of just white space.

19.9 '\addvspace'
=================

'\addvspace{length}'

   The '\addvspace' command normally adds a vertical space of height
length.  However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
point in the output by a previous '\addvspace' command, then this
command will not add more space than is needed to make the natural
length of the total vertical space equal to 'length'.

19.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip'
====================================

These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the
document class.

'\bigskip'
     The same as '\vspace{\bigskipamount}', ordinarily about one line
     space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the 'book' and
     'article' classes is '12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt').

'\medskip'
     The same as '\vspace{\medskipamount}', ordinarily about half of a
     line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the 'book' and
     'article' classes is '6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt').

'\smallskip'
     The same as '\vspace{\smallskipamount}', ordinarily about a quarter
     of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the
     'book' and 'article' classes is '3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt').

19.11 '\vfill'
==============

The '\vfill' fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can
stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed.  It's equivalent to
'\vspace{\fill}' (*note \hfill::).

19.12 '\vspace[*]{LENGTH}'
==========================

Synopsis:

     \vspace[*]{LENGTH}

   The '\vspace' command adds the vertical space LENGTH, i.e., a rubber
length.  LENGTH can be negative or positive.

   Ordinarily, LaTeX removes vertical space added by '\vspace' at the
top or bottom of a page.  With the optional '*' argument, the space is
not removed.

20 Boxes
********

All the predefined length parameters (*note Predefined lengths::) can be
used in the arguments of the box-making commands.

20.1 '\mbox{TEXT}'
==================

The '\mbox' command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text
created by its argument.  The TEXT is not broken into lines, so it can
be used to prevent hyphenation.

20.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox'
============================

Synopses:

     \fbox{TEXT}
     \framebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}

   The '\fbox' and '\framebox' commands are like '\mbox', except that
they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.

   In addition, the '\framebox' command allows for explicit
specification of the box width with the optional WIDTH argument (a
dimension), and positioning with the optional POSITION argument.

   Both commands produce a rule of thickness '\fboxrule' (default
'.4pt'), and leave a space of '\fboxsep' (default '3pt') between the
rule and the contents of the box.

   *Note \framebox (picture)::, for the '\framebox' command in the
'picture' environment.

20.3 'lrbox'
============

'\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}'

   This is the environment form of '\sbox'.

   The text inside the environment is saved in the box 'cmd', which must
have been declared with '\newsavebox'.

20.4 '\makebox'
===============

Synopsis:

     \makebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}

   The '\makebox' command creates a box just wide enough to contain the
TEXT specified.  The width of the box is specified by the optional WIDTH
argument.  The position of the text within the box is determined by the
optional POSITION argument, which may take the following values:

'c'
     Centered (default).
'l'
     Flush left.
'r'
     Flush right.
's'
     Stretch (justify) across entire WIDTH; TEXT must contain
     stretchable space for this to work.

   '\makebox' is also used within the picture environment *note \makebox
(picture)::.

20.5 '\parbox'
==============

Synopsis:

     \parbox[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}{TEXT}

   The '\parbox' command produces a box whose contents are created in
'paragraph' mode.  It should be used to make a box small pieces of text,
with nothing fancy inside.  In particular, you shouldn't use any
paragraph-making environments inside a '\parbox' argument.  For larger
pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making
environment, you should use a 'minipage' environment (*note minipage::).

   '\parbox' has two mandatory arguments:

WIDTH
     the width of the parbox;
TEXT
     the text that goes inside the parbox.

   The optional POSITION argument allows you to align either the top or
bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text
(default is top).

   The optional HEIGHT argument overrides the natural height of the box.

   The INNER-POS argument controls the placement of the text inside the
box, as follows; if it is not specified, POSITION is used.

't'
     text is placed at the top of the box.
'c'
     text is centered in the box.
'b'
     text is placed at the bottom of the box.
's'
     stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable
     space for this to work.

20.6 '\raisebox'
================

Synopsis:

     \raisebox{distance}[HEIGHT][DEPTH]{text}

   The '\raisebox' command raises or lowers TEXT.  The first mandatory
argument specifies how high TEXT is to be raised (or lowered if it is a
negative amount).  TEXT itself is processed in LR mode.

   The optional arguments HEIGHT and DEPTH are dimensions.  If they are
specified, LaTeX treats TEXT as extending a certain distance above the
baseline (height) or below (depth), ignoring its natural height and
depth.

20.7 '\savebox'
===============

Synopsis:

     \savebox{\BOXCMD}[WIDTH][POS]{TEXT}

   This command typeset TEXT in a box just as with '\makebox' (*note
\makebox::), except that instead of printing the resulting box, it saves
it in the box labeled \BOXCMD, which must have been declared with
'\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::).

20.8 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}'
===========================

Synopsis:

     \sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}

   '\sbox' types TEXT in a box just as with '\mbox' (*note \mbox::)
except that instead of the resulting box being included in the normal
output, it is saved in the box labeled \BOXCMD.  \BOXCMD must have been
previously declared with '\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::).

20.9 '\usebox{\BOXCMD}'
=======================

Synopsis:

     \usebox{\BOXCMD}

   '\usebox' produces the box most recently saved in the bin \BOXCMD by
a '\savebox' command (*note \savebox::).

21 Special insertions
*********************

LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special
meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.

21.1 Reserved characters
========================

The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called
"reserved characters" or "special characters".

     # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }

   Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX will
do something special.  If you simply want the character to be printed as
itself, include a '\' in front of the character.  For example, '\$' will
produce '$' in your output.

   One exception to this rule is '\' itself, because '\\' has its own
special (context-dependent) meaning.  A roman \ is produced by typing
'$\backslash$' in your file, and a typewriter '\' is produced by using
'\' in a verbatim command (*note verbatim::).

   Also, '\~' and '\^' place tilde and circumflex accents over the
following letter, as in o~ and o^ (*note Accents::); to get a standalone
'~' or '^', you can again use a verbatim command.

   Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
know its number by using the '\symbol' command.  For example, the
visible space character used in the '\verb*' command has the code
decimal 32, so it can be typed as '\symbol{32}'.

   You can also specify octal numbers with ''' or hexadecimal numbers
with '"', so the previous example could also be written as
'\symbol{'40}' or '\symbol{"20}'.

21.2 Text symbols
=================

LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in
running text.  Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not
available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package.

'\copyright'
'\textcopyright'
     The copyright symbol, (C).

'\dag'
     The dagger symbol (in text).

'\ddag'
     The double dagger symbol (in text).

'\LaTeX'
     The LaTeX logo.

'\LaTeXe'
     The LaTeX2e logo.

'\guillemotleft (<<)'
'\guillemotright (>>)'
'\guilsinglleft (<)'
'\guilsinglright (>)'
     Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French:
     <<, >>, <, >.

'\ldots'
'\dots'
'\textellipsis'
     An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): '...'.  '\ldots' and
     '\dots' also work in math mode.

'\lq'
     Left (opening) quote: '.

'\P'
'\textparagraph'
     Paragraph sign (pilcrow).

'\pounds'
'\textsterling'
     English pounds sterling: #.

'\quotedblbase (,,)'
'\quotesinglbase (,)'
     Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: ,, and ,.

'\rq'
     Right (closing) quote: '.

'\S'
     Section symbol.

'\TeX'
     The TeX logo.

'\textasciicircum'
     ASCII circumflex: ^.

'\textasciitilde'
     ASCII tilde: ~.

'\textasteriskcentered'
     Centered asterisk: *.

'\textbackslash'
     Backslash: \.

'\textbar'
     Vertical bar: |.

'\textbardbl'
     Double vertical bar.

'\textbigcircle'
     Big circle symbol.

'\textbraceleft'
     Left brace: {.

'\textbraceright'
     Right brace: }.

'\textbullet'
     Bullet: *.

'\textcircled{LETTER}'
     LETTER in a circle, as in (R).

'\textcompwordmark'
'\textcapitalwordmark'
'\textascenderwordmark'
     Composite word mark (invisible).  The '\textcapital...' form has
     the cap height of the font, while the '\textascender...' form has
     the ascender height.

'\textdagger'
     Dagger: \dag.

'\textdaggerdbl'
     Double dagger: \ddag.

'\textdollar (or '$')'
     Dollar sign: $.

'\textemdash (or '---')'
     Em-dash: -- (for punctuation).

'\textendash (or '--')'
     En-dash: -- (for ranges).

'\texteuro'
     The Euro symbol: Euro.

'\textexclamdown (or '!`')'
     Upside down exclamation point: !.

'\textgreater'
     Greater than: >.

'\textless'
     Less than: <.

'\textleftarrow'
     Left arrow.

'\textordfeminine'
'\textordmasculine'
     Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: a, o.

'\textperiodcentered'
     Centered period: \cdot.

'\textquestiondown (or '?`')'
     Upside down question mark: ?.

'\textquotedblleft (or '``')'
     Double left quote: ".

'\textquotedblright (or ''')'
     Double right quote: ".

'\textquoteleft (or '`')'
     Single left quote: '.

'\textquoteright (or ''')'
     Single right quote: '.

'\textquotestraightbase'
'\textquotestraightdblbase'
     Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.

'\textregistered'
     Registered symbol: (R).

'\textrightarrow'
     Right arrow.

'\textthreequartersemdash'
     "Three-quarters" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.

'\texttrademark'
     Trademark symbol: ^{\hbox{TM}}.

'\texttwelveudash'
     "Two-thirds" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.

'\textunderscore'
     Underscore: _.

'\textvisiblespace'
     Visible space symbol.

21.3 Accents
============

LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages,
through the 'babel' package and related support.  This section does not
attempt to cover all that support.  It merely lists the core LaTeX
commands for creating accented characters.

   The '\capital...' commands produce alternative forms for use with
capital letters.  These are not available with OT1.

'\"'
'\capitaldieresis'
     Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in o".

'\''
'\capitalacute'
     Produces an acute accent, as in o'.  In the 'tabbing' environment,
     pushes current column to the right of the previous column (*note
     tabbing::).

'\.'
     Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o..

'\='
'\capitalmacron'
     Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o=.

'\^'
'\capitalcircumflex'
     Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in o^.

'\`'
'\capitalgrave'
     Produces a grave accent over the following, as in o`.  In the
     'tabbing' environment, move following text to the right margin
     (*note tabbing::).

'\~'
'\capitaltilde'
     Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in n~.

'\b'
     Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_.

'\c'
'\capitalcedilla'
     Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in c,.

'\d'
'\capitaldotaccent'
     Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o.

'\H'
'\capitalhungarumlaut'
     Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in
     o''.

'\i'
     Produces a dotless i, as in 'i'.

'\j'
     Produces a dotless j, as in 'j'.

'\k'
'\capitalogonek'
     Produces a letter with ogonek, as in 'o;'.  Not available in the
     OT1 encoding.

'\r'
'\capitalring'
     Produces a ring accent, as in 'o*'.

'\t'
'\capitaltie'
'\newtie'
'\capitalnewtie'
     Produces a tie-after accent, as in 'oo['.  The '\newtie' form is
     centered in its box.

'\u'
'\capitalbreve'
     Produces a breve accent, as in 'o('.

'\underbar'
     Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text.
     The argument is always processed in horizontal mode.  The bar is
     always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through
     descenders.  See also '\underline' in *note Math miscellany::.

'\v'
'\capitalcaron'
     Produces a ha'c<ek (check, caron) accent, as in 'o<'.

21.4 Non-English characters
===========================

Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly used
in languages other than English.

'\aa'
'\AA'
     aa and AA.

'\ae'
'\AE'
     ae and AE.

'\dh'
'\DH'
     Icelandic letter eth: d and D.

'\dj'
'\DJ'
     Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke.

'\ij'
'\IJ'
     ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).

'\l'
'\L'
     /l and /L.

'\ng'
'\NG'
     Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics.

'\o'
'\O'
     /o and /O.

'\oe'
'\OE'
     oe and OE.

'\ss'
'\SS'
     ss and SS.

'\th'
'\TH'
     Icelandic letter thorn: th and TH.

21.5 '\rule'
============

Synopsis:

     \rule[RAISE]{WIDTH}{THICKNESS}

   The '\rule' command produces "rules", that is, lines or rectangles.
The arguments are:

RAISE
     How high to raise the rule (optional).

WIDTH
     The length of the rule (mandatory).

THICKNESS
     The thickness of the rule (mandatory).

21.6 '\today'
=============

The '\today' command produces today's date, in the format 'MONTH DD,
YYYY'; for example, 'July 4, 1976'.  It uses the predefined counters
'\day', '\month', and '\year' (*note \day \month \year::) to do this.
It is not updated as the program runs.

   The 'datetime' package, among others, can produce a wide variety of
other date formats.

22 Splitting the input
**********************

A large document requires a lot of input.  Rather than putting the whole
input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into
several smaller ones.  Regardless of how many separate files you use,
there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
when you run LaTeX.

   *Note filecontents::, for an environment that allows bundling an
external file to be created with the main document.

22.1 '\include'
===============

Synopsis:

     \include{FILE}

   If no '\includeonly' command is present, the '\include' command
executes '\clearpage' to start a new page (*note \clearpage::), then
reads FILE, then does another '\clearpage'.

   Given an '\includeonly' command, the '\include' actions are only run
if FILE is listed as an argument to '\includeonly'.  See the next
section.

   The '\include' command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
read by another '\include' command.

22.2 \'includeonly'
===================

Synopsis:

     \includeonly{FILE1,FILE2,...}

   The '\includeonly' command controls which files will be read by
subsequent '\include' commands.  The list of filenames is
comma-separated.  Each FILE must exactly match a filename specified in a
'\include' command for the selection to be effective.

   This command can only appear in the preamble.

22.3 \input
===========

Synopsis:

     \input{FILE}

   The '\input' command causes the specified FILE to be read and
processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at
that point.

   If FILE does not end in '.tex' (e.g., 'foo' or 'foo.bar'), it is
first tried with that extension ('foo.tex' or 'foo.bar.tex').  If that
is not found, the original FILE is tried ('foo' or 'foo.bar').

23 Front/back matter
********************

23.1 Tables of contents
=======================

A table of contents is produced with the '\tableofcontents' command.
You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go;
LaTeX does the rest for you.  A previous run must have generated a
'.toc' file.

   The '\tableofcontents' command produces a heading, but it does not
automatically start a new page.  If you want a new page after the table
of contents, write a '\newpage' command after the '\tableofcontents'
command.

   The analogous commands '\listoffigures' and '\listoftables' produce a
list of figures and a list of tables (from '.lof' and '.lot' files),
respectively.  Everything works exactly the same as for the table of
contents.

   The command '\nofiles' overrides these commands, and _prevents_ any
of these lists from being generated.

23.1.1 \addcontentsline
-----------------------

The '\addcontentsline'{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT} command adds an entry to the
specified list or table where:

EXT
     The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
     typically one of: 'toc' (table of contents), 'lof' (list of
     figures), or 'lot' (list of tables).

UNIT
     The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the
     following, matching the value of the EXT argument:

     'toc'
          The name of the sectional unit: 'part', 'chapter', 'section',
          'subsection', 'subsubsection'.
     'lof'
          For the list of figures.
     'lot'
          For the list of tables.

ENTRY
     The text of the entry.

   What is written to the '.EXT' file is the command
'\contentsline{UNIT}{NAME}'.

23.1.2 \addtocontents
---------------------

The '\addtocontents'{EXT}{TEXT} command adds text (or formatting
commands) directly to the '.EXT' file that generates the table of
contents or lists of figures or tables.

EXT
     The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
     typically one of: 'toc' (table of contents), 'lof' (list of
     figures), or 'lot' (list of tables).

TEXT
     The text to be written.

23.2 Glossaries
===============

The command '\makeglossary' enables creating glossaries.

   The command '\glossary{TEXT}' writes a glossary entry for TEXT to an
auxiliary file with the '.glo' extension.

   Specifically, what gets written is the command
'\glossaryentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current '\thepage'
value.

   The 'glossary' package on CTAN provides support for fancier
glossaries.

23.3 Indexes
============

The command '\makeindex' enables creating indexes.  Put this in the
preamble.

   The command '\index{TEXT}' writes an index entry for TEXT to an
auxiliary file with the '.idx' extension.

   Specifically, what gets written is the command
'\indexentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current '\thepage'
value.

   To generate a index entry for 'bar' that says 'See foo', use a
vertical bar: '\index{bar|see{foo}}'.  Use 'seealso' instead of 'see' to
make a 'See also' entry.

   The text 'See' is defined by the macro '\seename', and 'See also' by
the macro '\alsoname'.  These can be redefined for other languages.

   The generated '.idx' file is then sorted with an external command,
usually either 'makeindex' (<http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex>)
or (the multi-lingual) 'xindy' (<http://xindy.sourceforge.net>).  This
results in a '.ind' file, which can then be read to typeset the index.

   The index is usually generated with the '\printindex' command.  This
is defined in the 'makeidx' package, so '\usepackage{makeidx}' needs to
be in the preamble.

   The rubber length '\indexspace' is inserted before each new letter in
the printed index; its default value is '10pt plus5pt minus3pt'.

   The 'showidx' package causes each index entries to be shown in the
margin on the page where the entry appears.  This can help in preparing
the index.

   The 'multind' package supports multiple indexes.  See also the TeX
FAQ entry on this topic,
<http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind>.

24 Letters
**********

You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business.  The
'letter' document class is designed to make a number of letters at once,
although you can make just one if you so desire.

   Your '.tex' source file has the same minimum commands as the other
document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a
minimum:

      \documentclass{letter}
      \begin{document}
       ... letters ...
      \end{document}

   Each letter is a 'letter' environment, whose argument is the name and
address of the recipient.  For example, you might have:

      \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
           \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
        ...
      \end{letter}

   The letter itself begins with the '\opening' command.  The text of
the letter follows.  It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input.  Commands that
make no sense in a letter, like '\chapter', do not work.  The letter
closes with a '\closing' command.

   After the 'closing', you can have additional material.  The '\cc'
command produces the usual "cc: ...".  There's also a similar '\encl'
command for a list of enclosures.  With both these commands, use '\\' to
separate the items.

   These commands are used with the 'letter' class.

24.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS}
=============================

The '\address' specifies the return address of a letter, as it should
appear on the letter and the envelope.  Separate lines of the address
should be separated by '\\' commands.

   If you do not make an '\address' declaration, then the letter will be
formatted for copying onto your organization's standard letterhead.
(*Note Overview::, for details on your local implementation).  If you
give an '\address' declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a
personal letter.

24.2 '\cc'
==========

Synopsis:

     \cc{NAME1\\NAME2}

   Produce a list of NAMEs the letter was copied to.  Each name is
printed on a separate line.

24.3 '\closing'
===============

Synopsis:

     \closing{text}

   A letter closes with a '\closing' command, for example,
     \closing{Best Regards,}

24.4 '\encl'
============

Synopsis:

     \encl{LINE1\\LINE2}

   Declare a list of one more enclosures.

24.5 '\location'
================

'\location{address}'

   This modifies your organization's standard address.  This only
appears if the 'firstpage' pagestyle is selected.

24.6 '\makelabels'
==================

'\makelabels{number}'

   If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet
of address labels.  This sheet will be output before the letters.

24.7 '\name'
============

'\name{June Davenport}'

   Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return
address.

24.8 '\opening{TEXT}'
=====================

Synopsis:

     \opening{TEXT}

   A letter begins with the '\opening' command.  The mandatory argument,
TEXT, is whatever text you wish to start your letter.  For instance:

     \opening{Dear Joe,}

24.9 '\ps'
==========

Use the '\ps' command to start a postscript in a letter, after
'\closing'.

24.10 '\signature{TEXT}'
========================

Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
space for your signature.  '\\' starts a new line within TEXT as usual.

24.11 '\startbreaks'
====================

'\startbreaks'

   Used after a '\stopbreaks' command to allow page breaks again.

24.12 '\stopbreaks'
===================

'\stopbreaks'

   Inhibit page breaks until a '\startbreaks' command occurs.

24.13 '\telephone'
==================

'\telephone{number}'

   This is your telephone number.  This only appears if the 'firstpage'
pagestyle is selected.

25 Terminal input/output
************************

25.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}'
========================

Synopsis:

     \typein[\CMD]{MSG}

   '\typein' prints MSG on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and
wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return.  If the
optional \CMD argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if it
had been included in the input file in place of the '\typein' command.
If the \CMD argument is present, it must be a command name.  This
command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input.

25.2 '\typeout{MSG}'
====================

Synopsis:

     \typeout{MSG}

   Prints 'msg' on the terminal and in the 'log' file.  Commands in
'msg' that are defined with '\newcommand' or '\renewcommand' (among
others) are replaced by their definitions before being printed.

   LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to 'msg'.  A '\space'
command in 'msg' causes a single space to be printed, independent of
surrounding spaces.  A '^^J' in 'msg' prints a newline.

26 Command line
***************

The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX
uses '.tex' as a default file extension.  If you omit the input file
entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal.  You can also specify
arbitrary LaTeX input by starting with a backslash.  For example, this
processes 'foo.tex' without pausing after every error:

     latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'

   With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can
also be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with '-' or '--'.  For
a list of those options, try 'latex --help'.

   If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a '*'
prompt, it is waiting for input.  You can type '\stop' (and return) and
it will prematurely end the document.

   *Note TeX engines::, for other system commands invoking LaTeX.

Appendix A Document templates
*****************************

Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
be useful.  Additional template resources are listed at
<http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates>.

A.1 'beamer' template
=====================

The 'beamer' class creates presentation slides.  It has a vast array of
features, but here is a basic template:

\documentclass{beamer}

\title{Beamer Class template}
\author{Alex Author}
\date{July 31, 2007}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

% without [fragile], any {verbatim} code gets mysterious errors.
\begin{frame}[fragile]
 \frametitle{First Slide}

\begin{verbatim}
  This is \verbatim!
\end{verbatim}

\end{frame}

\end{document}

   One web resource for this:
<http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/>.

A.2 'book' template
===================

\documentclass{book}
\title{Book Class Template}
\author{Alex Author}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\chapter{First}
Some text.

\chapter{Second}
Some other text.

\section{A subtopic}
The end.
\end{document}

A.3 'tugboat' template
======================

'TUGboat' is the journal of the TeX Users Group,
<http://tug.org/TUGboat>.

\documentclass{ltugboat}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
\usepackage[breaklinks,hidelinks]{hyperref}
\else
\usepackage{url}
\fi

\title{Example \TUB\ article}

% repeat info for each author.
\author{First Last}
\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country}
\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
This is an example article for \TUB{}.
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}

This is an example article for \TUB, from
\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.

We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the
\texttt{hyperref} package for active urls in the \acro{PDF} output.
Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.

The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more:

% verbatim blocks are often better in \small
\begin{verbatim}[\small]
\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe
\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX
\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS
\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP
\TUB \TUG \tug
\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE

\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag
\careof \thinskip

\acro{FRED} -> {\small[er] fred}  % please use!
\cs{fred}   -> \fred
\env{fred}  -> \begin{fred}
\meta{fred} -> <fred>
\nth{n}     -> 1st, 2nd, ...
\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4
\booktitle{Book of Fred}
\end{verbatim}

For more information, see the ltubguid document at:
\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat}
(we recommend using \verb|mirror.ctan.org| for \CTAN\ references).

Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.

\bibliographystyle{plain}  % we recommend the plain bibliography style
\nocite{book-minimal}      % just making the bibliography non-empty
\bibliography{xampl}       % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX

\makesignature
\end{document}

Concept Index
*************

* Menu:

* '*' prompt:                            Command line.       (line 5243)
* *-form of defining new commands:       \newcommand & \renewcommand.
                                                             (line 2690)
* *-form of environment commands:        \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2769)
* *-form of sectioning commands:         Sectioning.         (line  974)
* '.glo' file:                           Glossaries.         (line 4997)
* '.idx' file:                           Indexes.            (line 5013)
* '.ind' file:                           Indexes.            (line 5027)
* 'see' and 'see also' index entries:    Indexes.            (line 5020)
* abstracts:                             abstract.           (line 1072)
* accents:                               Accents.            (line 4694)
* accents, mathematical:                 Math accents.       (line 3903)
* accessing any character of a font:     Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4505)
* acute accent:                          Accents.            (line 4708)
* acute accent, math:                    Math accents.       (line 3908)
* additional packages, loading:          Document class options.
                                                             (line  559)
* ae ligature:                           Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4797)
* align environment, from 'amsmath':     eqnarray.           (line 1253)
* aligning equations:                    eqnarray.           (line 1253)
* alignment via tabbing:                 tabbing.            (line 1974)
* amsmath package, replacing 'eqnarray': eqnarray.           (line 1253)
* appendix, creating:                    Sectioning.         (line  980)
* aring:                                 Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4793)
* arrays, math:                          array.              (line 1083)
* arrow, left, in text:                  Text symbols.       (line 4642)
* arrow, right, in text:                 Text symbols.       (line 4674)
* ascender height:                       Text symbols.       (line 4610)
* ASCII circumflex, in text:             Text symbols.       (line 4575)
* ASCII tilde, in text:                  Text symbols.       (line 4578)
* asterisk, centered, in text:           Text symbols.       (line 4581)
* author, for titlepage:                 \maketitle.         (line 4074)
* auxiliary file:                        Output files.       (line  370)
* 'babel' package:                       Accents.            (line 4694)
* backslash, in text:                    Text symbols.       (line 4584)
* bar, double vertical, in text:         Text symbols.       (line 4590)
* bar, vertical, in text:                Text symbols.       (line 4587)
* bar-over accent:                       Accents.            (line 4717)
* bar-over accent, math:                 Math accents.       (line 3911)
* bar-under accent:                      Accents.            (line 4734)
* basics of LaTeX:                       Overview.           (line  290)
* 'beamer' template and class:           beamer template.    (line 5259)
* bibliography format, open:             Document class options.
                                                             (line  526)
* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX.      (line 2317)
* bibliography, creating (manually):     thebibliography.    (line 2253)
* bibTeX, using:                         Using BibTeX.       (line 2317)
* big circle symbols, in text:           Text symbols.       (line 4593)
* black boxes, omitting:                 Document class options.
                                                             (line  512)
* bold font:                             Font styles.        (line  678)
* bold math:                             Font styles.        (line  658)
* bold typewriter, avoiding:             description.        (line 1178)
* boxes:                                 Boxes.              (line 4320)
* brace, left, in text:                  Text symbols.       (line 4596)
* brace, right, in text:                 Text symbols.       (line 4599)
* breaking lines:                        Line breaking.      (line 2437)
* breaking pages:                        Page breaking.      (line 2538)
* breve accent:                          Accents.            (line 4773)
* breve accent, math:                    Math accents.       (line 3914)
* bug reporting:                         About this document.
                                                             (line  247)
* bullet symbol:                         Math symbols.       (line 3240)
* bullet, in text:                       Text symbols.       (line 4602)
* bulleted lists:                        itemize.            (line 1511)
* calligraphic letters for math:         Font styles.        (line  681)
* cap height:                            Text symbols.       (line 4610)
* caron accent:                          Accents.            (line 4783)
* cc list, in letters:                   \cc.                (line 5099)
* cedilla accent:                        Accents.            (line 4738)
* centered asterisk, in text:            Text symbols.       (line 4581)
* centered equations:                    Document class options.
                                                             (line  516)
* centered period, in text:              Text symbols.       (line 4649)
* centering text, declaration for:       \centering.         (line 1143)
* centering text, environment for:       center.             (line 1129)
* characters, accented:                  Accents.            (line 4694)
* characters, non-English:               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4788)
* characters, reserved:                  Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4486)
* check accent:                          Accents.            (line 4783)
* check accent, math:                    Math accents.       (line 3917)
* circle symbol, big, in text:           Text symbols.       (line 4593)
* circled letter, in text:               Text symbols.       (line 4605)
* circumflex accent:                     Accents.            (line 4721)
* circumflex accent, math:               Math accents.       (line 3929)
* circumflex, ASCII, in text:            Text symbols.       (line 4575)
* class options:                         Document class options.
                                                             (line  490)
* classes of documents:                  Document classes.   (line  459)
* closing letters:                       \closing.           (line 5109)
* closing quote:                         Text symbols.       (line 4566)
* code, typesetting:                     verbatim.           (line 2384)
* command line:                          Command line.       (line 5231)
* command syntax:                        LaTeX command syntax.
                                                             (line  435)
* commands, defining new ones:           \newcommand & \renewcommand.
                                                             (line 2683)
* composite word mark, in text:          Text symbols.       (line 4610)
* computer programs, typesetting:        verbatim.           (line 2384)
* contents file:                         Output files.       (line  380)
* copyright symbol:                      Text symbols.       (line 4523)
* counters, a list of:                   Counters.           (line 2862)
* counters, defining new:                \newcounter.        (line 2721)
* counters, getting value of:            \value.             (line 2921)
* counters, setting:                     \setcounter.        (line 2935)
* creating letters:                      Letters.            (line 5050)
* creating pictures:                     picture.            (line 1683)
* creating tables:                       table.              (line 2065)
* credit footnote:                       \maketitle.         (line 4084)
* cross references:                      Cross references.   (line 1001)
* cross references, resolving:           Output files.       (line  370)
* cross referencing with page number:    \pageref.           (line 1040)
* cross referencing, symbolic:           \ref.               (line 1050)
* currency, dollar:                      Text symbols.       (line 4621)
* currency, euro:                        Text symbols.       (line 4630)
* dagger, double, in text:               Text symbols.       (line 4618)
* dagger, in text:                       Text symbols.       (line 4526)
* dagger, in text <1>:                   Text symbols.       (line 4615)
* date, for titlepage:                   \maketitle.         (line 4080)
* 'datetime' package:                    \today.             (line 4862)
* defining a new command:                \newcommand & \renewcommand.
                                                             (line 2683)
* defining new environments:             \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2760)
* defining new fonts:                    \newfont.           (line 2827)
* defining new theorems:                 \newtheorem.        (line 2799)
* definitions:                           Definitions.        (line 2678)
* description lists, creating:           description.        (line 1166)
* dieresis accent:                       Accents.            (line 4704)
* discretionary multiplication:          Math miscellany.    (line 3974)
* displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation.
                                                             (line 1944)
* displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quote.
                                                             (line 1959)
* document class options:                Document class options.
                                                             (line  490)
* document class, defined:               Starting and ending.
                                                             (line  324)
* document classes:                      Document classes.   (line  459)
* document templates:                    Document templates. (line 5252)
* dollar sign:                           Text symbols.       (line 4621)
* dot accent:                            Accents.            (line 4713)
* dot over accent, math:                 Math accents.       (line 3923)
* dot-over accent:                       Accents.            (line 4713)
* dot-under accent:                      Accents.            (line 4742)
* dotless i:                             Accents.            (line 4750)
* dotless i, math:                       Math accents.       (line 3932)
* dotless j:                             Accents.            (line 4753)
* dotless j, math:                       Math accents.       (line 3935)
* double angle quotation marks:          Text symbols.       (line 4541)
* double dagger, in text:                Text symbols.       (line 4529)
* double dagger, in text <1>:            Text symbols.       (line 4618)
* double dot accent, math:               Math accents.       (line 3920)
* double guillemets:                     Text symbols.       (line 4541)
* double left quote:                     Text symbols.       (line 4655)
* double low-9 quotation mark:           Text symbols.       (line 4563)
* double quote, straight base:           Text symbols.       (line 4668)
* double right quote:                    Text symbols.       (line 4658)
* double spacing:                        Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  786)
* double vertical bar, in text:          Text symbols.       (line 4590)
* e-dash:                                Text symbols.       (line 4627)
* e-TeX:                                 TeX engines.        (line  395)
* ellipsis:                              Text symbols.       (line 4547)
* em-dash:                               Text symbols.       (line 4624)
* em-dash, three-quarters:               Text symbols.       (line 4677)
* em-dash, two-thirds:                   Text symbols.       (line 4683)
* emphasis:                              Font styles.        (line  610)
* emphasis <1>:                          Font styles.        (line  684)
* enclosure list:                        \encl.              (line 5119)
* ending & starting:                     Starting and ending.
                                                             (line  316)
* engines, TeX:                          TeX engines.        (line  389)
* enlarge current page:                  \enlargethispage.   (line 2565)
* environments:                          Environments.       (line 1062)
* environments, defining:                \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2760)
* equation number, cross referencing:    \ref.               (line 1050)
* equation numbers, left vs. right:      Document class options.
                                                             (line  522)
* equation numbers, omitting:            eqnarray.           (line 1276)
* equations, aligning:                   eqnarray.           (line 1253)
* equations, environment for:            equation.           (line 1288)
* equations, flush left vs. centered:    Document class options.
                                                             (line  516)
* es-zet German letter:                  Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4829)
* eth, Icelandic letter:                 Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4801)
* euro symbol:                           Text symbols.       (line 4630)
* exclamation point, upside-down:        Text symbols.       (line 4633)
* exponent:                              Subscripts & superscripts.
                                                             (line 3150)
* external files, creating:              filecontents.       (line 1416)
* feminine ordinal symbol:               Text symbols.       (line 4646)
* figure number, cross referencing:      \ref.               (line 1050)
* figures, footnotes in:                 minipage.           (line 1670)
* figures, inserting:                    figure.             (line 1301)
* fixed-width font:                      Font styles.        (line  702)
* 'float' package:                       figure.             (line 1333)
* flush left equations:                  Document class options.
                                                             (line  516)
* flushing floats and starting a page:   \clearpage.         (line 2553)
* font commands, low-level:              Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  740)
* font sizes:                            Font sizes.         (line  714)
* font styles:                           Font styles.        (line  580)
* fonts:                                 Fonts.              (line  574)
* fonts, new commands for:               \newfont.           (line 2827)
* footer style:                          \pagestyle.         (line 4119)
* footer, parameters for:                Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  880)
* footnote number, cross referencing:    \ref.               (line 1050)
* footnote parameters:                   Footnote parameters.
                                                             (line 2662)
* footnotes in figures:                  minipage.           (line 1670)
* footnotes, creating:                   Footnotes.          (line 2598)
* footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered: Symbolic footnotes.
                                                             (line 2649)
* formulas, environment for:             equation.           (line 1288)
* formulas, math:                        Math formulas.      (line 3114)
* forward references, resolving:         Output files.       (line  370)
* fragile commands:                      \protect.           (line 2841)
* French quotation marks:                Text symbols.       (line 4541)
* functions, math:                       Math functions.     (line 3795)
* global options:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  490)
* global options <1>:                    Document class options.
                                                             (line  567)
* glossaries:                            Glossaries.         (line 4995)
* glossary package:                      Glossaries.         (line 5004)
* graphics packages:                     \line.              (line 1839)
* grave accent:                          Accents.            (line 4725)
* grave accent, math:                    Math accents.       (line 3926)
* greater than symbol, in text:          Text symbols.       (line 4636)
* greek letters:                         Math symbols.       (line 3159)
* ha'c<ek accent, math:                  Math accents.       (line 3917)
* hacek accent:                          Accents.            (line 4783)
* hat accent:                            Accents.            (line 4721)
* hat accent, math:                      Math accents.       (line 3929)
* header style:                          \pagestyle.         (line 4119)
* header, parameters for:                Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  880)
* hello, world:                          Starting and ending.
                                                             (line  316)
* here, putting floats:                  figure.             (line 1333)
* hungarian umlaut accent:               Accents.            (line 4746)
* hyphenation, defining:                 \hyphenation.       (line 2505)
* hyphenation, forcing:                  \- (hyphenation).   (line 2475)
* hyphenation, preventing:               \mbox.              (line 4326)
* Icelandic eth:                         Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4801)
* Icelandic thorn:                       Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4833)
* ij letter, Dutch:                      Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4809)
* implementations of TeX:                TeX engines.        (line  389)
* in-line formulas:                      math.               (line 1643)
* indent, forcing:                       \indent.            (line 3043)
* indent, suppressing:                   \noindent.          (line 3054)
* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage.          (line 1666)
* index entries, 'see' and 'see also':   Indexes.            (line 5020)
* indexes:                               Indexes.            (line 5010)
* infinite horizontal stretch:           \hfill.             (line 4186)
* infinite vertical stretch:             \vfill.             (line 4299)
* initial command:                       filecontents.       (line 1424)
* input file:                            Splitting the input.
                                                             (line 4868)
* input/output:                          Terminal input/output.
                                                             (line 5198)
* inserting figures:                     figure.             (line 1301)
* italic correction:                     \/.                 (line 4229)
* italic font:                           Font styles.        (line  687)
* justification, ragged left:            \raggedleft.        (line 1498)
* justification, ragged right:           \raggedright.       (line 1472)
* Knuth, Donald E.:                      Overview.           (line  290)
* labelled lists, creating:              description.        (line 1166)
* Lamport TeX:                           Overview.           (line  308)
* Lamport, Leslie:                       Overview.           (line  290)
* landscape orientation:                 Document class options.
                                                             (line  519)
* LaTeX logo:                            Text symbols.       (line 4532)
* LaTeX overview:                        Overview.           (line  290)
* LaTeX Project team:                    About this document.
                                                             (line  258)
* LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e:                     About this document.
                                                             (line  254)
* LaTeX2e logo:                          Text symbols.       (line 4535)
* layout commands:                       Layout.             (line  810)
* layout, page parameters for:           Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  880)
* left angle quotation marks:            Text symbols.       (line 4541)
* left arrow, in text:                   Text symbols.       (line 4642)
* left brace, in text:                   Text symbols.       (line 4596)
* left quote:                            Text symbols.       (line 4551)
* left quote, double:                    Text symbols.       (line 4655)
* left quote, single:                    Text symbols.       (line 4661)
* left-hand equation numbers:            Document class options.
                                                             (line  522)
* left-justifying text:                  \raggedright.       (line 1472)
* left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft.          (line 1459)
* left-to-right mode:                    Modes.              (line 4023)
* lengths, adding to:                    \addtolength.       (line 2988)
* lengths, defining and using:           Lengths.            (line 2975)
* lengths, defining new:                 \newlength.         (line 2736)
* lengths, predefined:                   Predefined lengths. (line 3016)
* lengths, setting:                      \setlength.         (line 2981)
* less than symbol, in text:             Text symbols.       (line 4639)
* letters:                               Letters.            (line 5050)
* letters, accented:                     Accents.            (line 4694)
* letters, ending:                       \closing.           (line 5109)
* letters, non-English:                  Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4788)
* letters, starting:                     \opening.           (line 5152)
* line break, forcing:                   \\.                 (line 2449)
* line breaking:                         Line breaking.      (line 2437)
* line breaks, forcing:                  \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
                                                             (line 2521)
* line breaks, preventing:               \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
                                                             (line 2521)
* lines in tables:                       tabular.            (line 2092)
* lining numerals:                       Font styles.        (line  662)
* lining text up in tables:              tabular.            (line 2092)
* lining text up using tab stops:        tabbing.            (line 1974)
* list items, specifying counter:        \usecounter.        (line 2910)
* list of figures file:                  Output files.       (line  380)
* list of tables file:                   Output files.       (line  380)
* lists of items:                        itemize.            (line 1511)
* lists of items, generic:               list.               (line 1618)
* lists of items, numbered:              enumerate.          (line 1215)
* loading additional packages:           Document class options.
                                                             (line  559)
* log file:                              Output files.       (line  365)
* logo, LaTeX:                           Text symbols.       (line 4532)
* logo, LaTeX2e:                         Text symbols.       (line 4535)
* logo, TeX:                             Text symbols.       (line 4572)
* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols.    (line 4563)
* low-level font commands:               Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  740)
* LR mode:                               Modes.              (line 4023)
* 'ltugboat' class:                      tugboat template.   (line 5310)
* LuaTeX:                                TeX engines.        (line  412)
* macro package, LaTeX as:               Overview.           (line  295)
* macron accent:                         Accents.            (line 4717)
* macron accent, math:                   Math accents.       (line 3911)
* Madsen, Lars:                          eqnarray.           (line 1253)
* 'makeidx' package:                     Indexes.            (line 5032)
* 'makeindex' program:                   Indexes.            (line 5027)
* making a title page:                   titlepage.          (line 2367)
* making paragraphs:                     Making paragraphs.  (line 3035)
* marginal notes:                        Marginal notes.     (line 3067)
* masculine ordinal symbol:              Text symbols.       (line 4646)
* math accents:                          Math accents.       (line 3903)
* math formulas:                         Math formulas.      (line 3114)
* math functions:                        Math functions.     (line 3795)
* math miscellany:                       Math miscellany.    (line 3973)
* math mode:                             Modes.              (line 4023)
* math mode, entering:                   Math formulas.      (line 3114)
* math mode, spacing:                    Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3955)
* math symbols:                          Math symbols.       (line 3159)
* math, bold:                            Font styles.        (line  658)
* minipage, creating a:                  minipage.           (line 1655)
* modes:                                 Modes.              (line 4023)
* monospace font:                        Font styles.        (line  702)
* moving arguments:                      \protect.           (line 2841)
* multicolumn text:                      \twocolumn.         (line  821)
* multilingual support:                  Accents.            (line 4694)
* 'multind' package:                     Indexes.            (line 5043)
* multiplication symbol, discretionary line break: Math miscellany.
                                                             (line 3974)
* nested '\include', not allowed:        \include.           (line 4892)
* new commands, defining:                \newcommand & \renewcommand.
                                                             (line 2683)
* new line, output as input:             \obeycr & \restorecr.
                                                             (line 2459)
* new line, starting:                    \\.                 (line 2449)
* new line, starting (paragraph mode):   \newline.           (line 2468)
* new page, starting:                    \newpage.           (line 2559)
* non-English characters:                Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4788)
* notes in the margin:                   Marginal notes.     (line 3067)
* null delimiter:                        Math miscellany.    (line 3988)
* numbered items, specifying counter:    \usecounter.        (line 2910)
* numerals, old-style:                   Font styles.        (line  662)
* oblique font:                          Font styles.        (line  699)
* oe ligature:                           Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4825)
* ogonek:                                Accents.            (line 4757)
* old-style numerals:                    Font styles.        (line  662)
* one-column output:                     \onecolumn.         (line  815)
* opening quote:                         Text symbols.       (line 4551)
* OpenType fonts:                        TeX engines.        (line  389)
* options, document class:               Document class options.
                                                             (line  490)
* options, global:                       Document class options.
                                                             (line  567)
* ordinals, feminine and masculine:      Text symbols.       (line 4646)
* oslash:                                Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4821)
* overbar accent:                        Accents.            (line 4717)
* overdot accent, math:                  Math accents.       (line 3923)
* overview of LaTeX:                     Overview.           (line  290)
* packages, loading additional:          Document class options.
                                                             (line  559)
* page break, forcing:                   \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
                                                             (line 2580)
* page break, preventing:                \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
                                                             (line 2580)
* page breaking:                         Page breaking.      (line 2538)
* page layout parameters:                Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  880)
* page number, cross referencing:        \pageref.           (line 1040)
* page numbering style:                  \pagenumbering.     (line 4094)
* page styles:                           Page styles.        (line 4062)
* paragraph indentation, in minipage:    minipage.           (line 1666)
* paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation.          (line 1944)
* paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quote.    (line 1959)
* paragraph mode:                        Modes.              (line 4023)
* paragraph symbol:                      Text symbols.       (line 4555)
* paragraphs:                            Making paragraphs.  (line 3035)
* parameters, for footnotes:             Footnote parameters.
                                                             (line 2662)
* parameters, page layout:               Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  880)
* pdfTeX:                                Output files.       (line  357)
* pdfTeX engine:                         TeX engines.        (line  395)
* period, centered, in text:             Text symbols.       (line 4649)
* 'pict2e' package:                      \line.              (line 1839)
* pictures, creating:                    picture.            (line 1683)
* pilcrow:                               Text symbols.       (line 4555)
* placement of floats:                   figure.             (line 1314)
* poetry, an environment for:            verse.              (line 2418)
* polish l:                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4813)
* portrait orientation:                  Document class options.
                                                             (line  519)
* postscript, in letters:                \ps.                (line 5164)
* pounds symbol:                         Text symbols.       (line 4559)
* preamble, defined:                     Starting and ending.
                                                             (line  329)
* predefined lengths:                    Predefined lengths. (line 3016)
* prompt, '*':                           Command line.       (line 5243)
* pronunciation:                         Overview.           (line  308)
* question mark, upside-down:            Text symbols.       (line 4652)
* quotation marks, French:               Text symbols.       (line 4541)
* quote, straight base:                  Text symbols.       (line 4668)
* quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation.
                                                             (line 1944)
* quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quote.
                                                             (line 1959)
* ragged left text:                      \raggedleft.        (line 1498)
* ragged left text, environment for:     flushright.         (line 1485)
* ragged right text:                     \raggedright.       (line 1472)
* ragged right text, environment for:    flushleft.          (line 1459)
* redefining environments:               \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2760)
* references, resolving forward:         Output files.       (line  370)
* registered symbol:                     Text symbols.       (line 4671)
* remarks in the margin:                 Marginal notes.     (line 3067)
* reporting bugs:                        About this document.
                                                             (line  247)
* reserved characters:                   Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4486)
* right angle quotation marks:           Text symbols.       (line 4541)
* right arrow, in text:                  Text symbols.       (line 4674)
* right brace, in text:                  Text symbols.       (line 4599)
* right quote:                           Text symbols.       (line 4566)
* right quote, double:                   Text symbols.       (line 4658)
* right quote, single:                   Text symbols.       (line 4664)
* right-hand equation numbers:           Document class options.
                                                             (line  522)
* right-justifying text:                 \raggedleft.        (line 1498)
* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright.        (line 1485)
* ring accent:                           Accents.            (line 4762)
* ring accent, math:                     Math accents.       (line 3938)
* robust commands:                       \protect.           (line 2851)
* roman font:                            Font styles.        (line  690)
* running header and footer:             Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  880)
* running header and footer style:       \pagestyle.         (line 4119)
* sans serif font:                       Font styles.        (line  696)
* script letters for math:               Font styles.        (line  681)
* section number, cross referencing:     \ref.               (line 1050)
* section numbers, printing:             Sectioning.         (line  990)
* section symbol:                        Text symbols.       (line 4569)
* sectioning:                            Sectioning.         (line  949)
* 'setspace' package:                    Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  786)
* setting counters:                      \setcounter.        (line 2935)
* sharp S letters:                       Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4829)
* 'showidx' package:                     Indexes.            (line 5039)
* simulating typed text:                 verbatim.           (line 2384)
* single angle quotation marks:          Text symbols.       (line 4541)
* single guillemets:                     Text symbols.       (line 4541)
* single left quote:                     Text symbols.       (line 4661)
* single low-9 quotation mark:           Text symbols.       (line 4563)
* single right quote:                    Text symbols.       (line 4664)
* sizes of text:                         Font sizes.         (line  714)
* slanted font:                          Font styles.        (line  699)
* small caps font:                       Font styles.        (line  693)
* space, inserting vertical:             \addvspace.         (line 4267)
* spaces:                                Spaces.             (line 4162)
* spacing within math mode:              Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3955)
* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols.    (line 4646)
* special characters:                    Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4788)
* specifier, float placement:            figure.             (line 1314)
* splitting the input file:              Splitting the input.
                                                             (line 4868)
* starting & ending:                     Starting and ending.
                                                             (line  316)
* starting a new page:                   \newpage.           (line 2559)
* starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage.       (line 2553)
* starting on a right-hand page:         \cleardoublepage.   (line 2545)
* sterling symbol:                       Text symbols.       (line 4559)
* straight double quote, base:           Text symbols.       (line 4668)
* straight quote, base:                  Text symbols.       (line 4668)
* stretch, infinite horizontal:          \hfill.             (line 4186)
* stretch, infinite vertical:            \vfill.             (line 4299)
* stretch, omitting vertical:            \raggedbottom.      (line  874)
* styles of text:                        Font styles.        (line  580)
* styles, page:                          Page styles.        (line 4062)
* subscript:                             Subscripts & superscripts.
                                                             (line 3150)
* superscript:                           Subscripts & superscripts.
                                                             (line 3150)
* symbols, math:                         Math symbols.       (line 3159)
* tab stops, using:                      tabbing.            (line 1974)
* table of contents entry, manually adding: \addcontentsline.
                                                             (line 4951)
* table of contents file:                Output files.       (line  380)
* table of contents, creating:           Tables of contents. (line 4930)
* tables, creating:                      table.              (line 2065)
* terminal input/output:                 Terminal input/output.
                                                             (line 5198)
* TeX logo:                              Text symbols.       (line 4572)
* text symbols:                          Text symbols.       (line 4517)
* 'textcomp' package:                    Font styles.        (line  662)
* thanks, for titlepage:                 \maketitle.         (line 4084)
* theorems, defining:                    \newtheorem.        (line 2799)
* theorems, typesetting:                 theorem.            (line 2354)
* thorn, Icelandic letter:               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4833)
* three-quarters em-dash:                Text symbols.       (line 4677)
* tie-after accent:                      Accents.            (line 4768)
* tilde accent:                          Accents.            (line 4731)
* tilde accent, math:                    Math accents.       (line 3941)
* tilde, ASCII, in text:                 Text symbols.       (line 4578)
* title page, separate or run-in:        Document class options.
                                                             (line  530)
* title pages, creating:                 titlepage.          (line 2367)
* title, for titlepage:                  \maketitle.         (line 4088)
* titles, making:                        \maketitle.         (line 4068)
* trademark symbol:                      Text symbols.       (line 4680)
* transcript file:                       Output files.       (line  365)
* TrueType fonts:                        TeX engines.        (line  389)
* TUGboat template:                      tugboat template.   (line 5310)
* two-column output:                     \twocolumn.         (line  821)
* two-thirds em-dash:                    Text symbols.       (line 4683)
* typed text, simulating:                verbatim.           (line 2384)
* typeface sizes:                        Font sizes.         (line  714)
* typeface styles:                       Font styles.        (line  580)
* typefaces:                             Fonts.              (line  574)
* typewriter font:                       Font styles.        (line  702)
* typewriter labels in lists:            description.        (line 1178)
* umlaut accent:                         Accents.            (line 4704)
* underbar:                              Accents.            (line 4776)
* underscore, in text:                   Text symbols.       (line 4686)
* Unicode input, native:                 TeX engines.        (line  389)
* unofficial nature of this manual:      About this document.
                                                             (line  258)
* unordered lists:                       itemize.            (line 1511)
* using BibTeX:                          Using BibTeX.       (line 2317)
* UTF-8:                                 TeX engines.        (line  389)
* variables, a list of:                  Counters.           (line 2862)
* vector symbol, math:                   Math accents.       (line 3944)
* verbatim text:                         verbatim.           (line 2384)
* verbatim text, inline:                 \verb.              (line 2401)
* vertical bar, double, in text:         Text symbols.       (line 4590)
* vertical bar, in text:                 Text symbols.       (line 4587)
* vertical space:                        \addvspace.         (line 4267)
* vertical space before paragraphs:      \parskip.           (line 3061)
* visible space:                         \verb.              (line 2412)
* visible space symbol, in text:         Text symbols.       (line 4689)
* wide hat accent, math:                 Math accents.       (line 3947)
* wide tile accent, math:                Math accents.       (line 3950)
* writing external files:                filecontents.       (line 1416)
* XeTeX:                                 TeX engines.        (line  421)
* 'xindy' program:                       Indexes.            (line 5027)

Command Index
*************

* Menu:

* $:                                     Math formulas.      (line 3132)
* --help command-line option:            Command line.       (line 5239)
* .aux file:                             Output files.       (line  370)
* .dvi file:                             Output files.       (line  347)
* .lof file:                             Output files.       (line  380)
* .lof file <1>:                         Tables of contents. (line 4940)
* .log file:                             Output files.       (line  365)
* .lot file:                             Output files.       (line  380)
* .lot file <1>:                         Tables of contents. (line 4940)
* .pdf file:                             Output files.       (line  357)
* .tex, default extension:               Command line.       (line 5231)
* .toc file:                             Output files.       (line  380)
* .toc file <1>:                         Tables of contents. (line 4930)
* 10pt option:                           Document class options.
                                                             (line  498)
* 11pt option:                           Document class options.
                                                             (line  498)
* 12pt option:                           Document class options.
                                                             (line  498)
* @{...}:                                array.              (line 1107)
* [...] for optional arguments:          LaTeX command syntax.
                                                             (line  435)
* \ character starting commands:         LaTeX command syntax.
                                                             (line  435)
* \" (umlaut accent):                    Accents.            (line 4704)
* \#:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4491)
* \$:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4491)
* \%:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4491)
* \&:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4491)
* \' (acute accent):                     Accents.            (line 4708)
* \' (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 2013)
* \(:                                    Math formulas.      (line 3124)
* \):                                    Math formulas.      (line 3124)
* \*:                                    Math miscellany.    (line 3973)
* \+:                                    tabbing.            (line 2005)
* \,:                                    Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3966)
* \-:                                    tabbing.            (line 2009)
* \- (hyphenation):                      \- (hyphenation).   (line 2475)
* \. (dot-over accent):                  Accents.            (line 4713)
* \/:                                    \/.                 (line 4229)
* \::                                    Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3964)
* \;:                                    Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3961)
* \<:                                    tabbing.            (line 2001)
* \= (macron accent):                    Accents.            (line 4717)
* \= (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 1995)
* \>:                                    tabbing.            (line 1999)
* \> <1>:                                Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3964)
* \> (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 1998)
* \@:                                    \@.                 (line 4207)
* \@fnsymbol:                            Symbolic footnotes. (line 2654)
* \a (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 2028)
* \a' (acute accent in tabbing):         tabbing.            (line 2029)
* \a= (macron accent in tabbing):        tabbing.            (line 2029)
* \aa (aa):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4793)
* \AA (AA):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4793)
* \acute:                                Math accents.       (line 3907)
* \addcontentsline{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT}:     \addcontentsline.   (line 4951)
* \address:                              \address.           (line 5086)
* \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}:             \addtocontents.     (line 4980)
* \addtocounter:                         \addtocounter.      (line 2945)
* \addtolength:                          \addtolength.       (line 2988)
* \addvspace:                            \addvspace.         (line 4267)
* \ae (ae):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4797)
* \AE (AE):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4797)
* \aleph:                                Math symbols.       (line 3167)
* \alph:                                 \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2880)
* \Alph:                                 \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2883)
* \Alph example:                         enumerate.          (line 1248)
* \alpha:                                Math symbols.       (line 3170)
* \alsoname:                             Indexes.            (line 5024)
* \amalg:                                Math symbols.       (line 3173)
* \and for '\author':                    \maketitle.         (line 4074)
* \angle:                                Math symbols.       (line 3176)
* \appendix:                             Sectioning.         (line  980)
* \approx:                               Math symbols.       (line 3179)
* \arabic:                               \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2886)
* \arccos:                               Math functions.     (line 3798)
* \arcsin:                               Math functions.     (line 3801)
* \arctan:                               Math functions.     (line 3804)
* \arg:                                  Math functions.     (line 3807)
* \arraycolsep:                          array.              (line 1119)
* \arrayrulewidth:                       tabular.            (line 2186)
* \arraystretch:                         tabular.            (line 2190)
* \ast:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3182)
* \asymp:                                Math symbols.       (line 3185)
* \author{NAME \and NAME2}:              \maketitle.         (line 4073)
* \a` (grave accent in tabbing):         tabbing.            (line 2029)
* \b (bar-under accent):                 Accents.            (line 4734)
* \backslash:                            Math symbols.       (line 3188)
* \backslash <1>:                        Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4496)
* \bar:                                  Math accents.       (line 3910)
* \baselineskip:                         Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  780)
* \baselinestretch:                      Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  786)
* \begin:                                Environments.       (line 1062)
* \beta:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3191)
* \bf:                                   Font styles.        (line  677)
* \bfseries:                             Font styles.        (line  616)
* \bibitem:                              \bibitem.           (line 2278)
* \bibliography:                         Using BibTeX.       (line 2317)
* \bibliographystyle:                    Using BibTeX.       (line 2317)
* \bigcap:                               Math symbols.       (line 3194)
* \bigcap <1>:                           Math symbols.       (line 3224)
* \bigcirc:                              Math symbols.       (line 3197)
* \bigcup:                               Math symbols.       (line 3200)
* \bigodot:                              Math symbols.       (line 3203)
* \bigoplus:                             Math symbols.       (line 3206)
* \bigotimes:                            Math symbols.       (line 3209)
* \bigskip:                              \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4282)
* \bigskipamount:                        \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4282)
* \bigsqcup:                             Math symbols.       (line 3218)
* \bigtriangledown:                      Math symbols.       (line 3212)
* \bigtriangleup:                        Math symbols.       (line 3215)
* \biguplus:                             Math symbols.       (line 3221)
* \bigwedge:                             Math symbols.       (line 3227)
* \bmod:                                 Math functions.     (line 3810)
* \boldmath:                             Math formulas.      (line 3137)
* \bot:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3230)
* \bottomfraction:                       figure.             (line 1362)
* \bowtie:                               Math symbols.       (line 3233)
* \Box:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3236)
* \breve:                                Math accents.       (line 3913)
* \bullet:                               Math symbols.       (line 3239)
* \c (cedilla accent):                   Accents.            (line 4738)
* \cal:                                  Font styles.        (line  680)
* \cap:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3242)
* \capitalacute:                         Accents.            (line 4708)
* \capitalbreve:                         Accents.            (line 4773)
* \capitalcaron:                         Accents.            (line 4783)
* \capitalcedilla:                       Accents.            (line 4738)
* \capitalcircumflex:                    Accents.            (line 4721)
* \capitaldieresis:                      Accents.            (line 4704)
* \capitaldotaccent:                     Accents.            (line 4742)
* \capitalgrave:                         Accents.            (line 4725)
* \capitalhungarumlaut:                  Accents.            (line 4746)
* \capitalmacron:                        Accents.            (line 4717)
* \capitalnewtie:                        Accents.            (line 4768)
* \capitalogonek:                        Accents.            (line 4757)
* \capitalring:                          Accents.            (line 4762)
* \capitaltie:                           Accents.            (line 4768)
* \capitaltilde:                         Accents.            (line 4731)
* \caption:                              figure.             (line 1355)
* \cc:                                   \cc.                (line 5099)
* \cdot:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3245)
* \cdots:                                Math miscellany.    (line 3977)
* \centering:                            \centering.         (line 1143)
* \chapter:                              Sectioning.         (line  952)
* \check:                                Math accents.       (line 3916)
* \chi:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3248)
* \circ:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3251)
* \circle:                               \circle.            (line 1753)
* \cite:                                 \cite.              (line 2295)
* \cleardoublepage:                      \cleardoublepage.   (line 2545)
* \clearpage:                            \clearpage.         (line 2553)
* \cline:                                \cline.             (line 2228)
* \closing:                              \closing.           (line 5109)
* \clubsuit:                             Math symbols.       (line 3254)
* \columnsep:                            \twocolumn.         (line  831)
* \columnseprule:                        \twocolumn.         (line  834)
* \columnwidth:                          \twocolumn.         (line  838)
* \cong:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3257)
* \contentsline:                         \addcontentsline.   (line 4974)
* \coprod:                               Math symbols.       (line 3260)
* \copyright:                            Text symbols.       (line 4521)
* \cos:                                  Math functions.     (line 3813)
* \cosh:                                 Math functions.     (line 3816)
* \cot:                                  Math functions.     (line 3819)
* \coth:                                 Math functions.     (line 3822)
* \csc:                                  Math functions.     (line 3825)
* \cup:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3263)
* \d (dot-under accent):                 Accents.            (line 4742)
* \dag:                                  Text symbols.       (line 4525)
* \dagger:                               Math symbols.       (line 3266)
* \dashbox:                              \dashbox.           (line 1806)
* \dashv:                                Math symbols.       (line 3269)
* \date{TEXT}:                           \maketitle.         (line 4079)
* \day:                                  \day \month \year.  (line 2964)
* \dblfloatpagefraction:                 \twocolumn.         (line  849)
* \dblfloatsep:                          \twocolumn.         (line  853)
* \dbltextfloatsep:                      \twocolumn.         (line  858)
* \dbltopfraction:                       \twocolumn.         (line  844)
* \ddag:                                 Text symbols.       (line 4528)
* \ddagger:                              Math symbols.       (line 3272)
* \ddot:                                 Math accents.       (line 3919)
* \ddots:                                Math miscellany.    (line 3981)
* \deg:                                  Math functions.     (line 3828)
* \Delta:                                Math symbols.       (line 3275)
* \delta:                                Math symbols.       (line 3278)
* \depth:                                Predefined lengths. (line 3020)
* \det:                                  Math functions.     (line 3831)
* \dh (d):                               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4801)
* \DH (D):                               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4801)
* \Diamond:                              Math symbols.       (line 3281)
* \diamond:                              Math symbols.       (line 3284)
* \diamondsuit:                          Math symbols.       (line 3287)
* \dim:                                  Math functions.     (line 3834)
* \displaystyle:                         Math formulas.      (line 3142)
* \div:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3290)
* \dj:                                   Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4805)
* \DJ:                                   Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4805)
* \documentclass:                        Document classes.   (line  459)
* \documentclass, commands before:       filecontents.       (line 1424)
* \dot:                                  Math accents.       (line 3922)
* \doteq:                                Math symbols.       (line 3293)
* \dotfill:                              \dotfill.           (line 4261)
* \dots:                                 Text symbols.       (line 4545)
* \doublerulesep:                        tabular.            (line 2194)
* \downarrow:                            Math symbols.       (line 3296)
* \Downarrow:                            Math symbols.       (line 3299)
* \ell:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3302)
* \em:                                   Font styles.        (line  683)
* \emph:                                 Font styles.        (line  610)
* \emptyset:                             Math symbols.       (line 3305)
* \encl:                                 \encl.              (line 5119)
* \end:                                  Environments.       (line 1062)
* \enlargethispage:                      \enlargethispage.   (line 2565)
* \enumi:                                enumerate.          (line 1238)
* \enumii:                               enumerate.          (line 1238)
* \enumiii:                              enumerate.          (line 1238)
* \enumiv:                               enumerate.          (line 1238)
* \epsilon:                              Math symbols.       (line 3308)
* \equiv:                                Math symbols.       (line 3311)
* \eta:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3314)
* \evensidemargin:                       Document class options.
                                                             (line  541)
* \exists:                               Math symbols.       (line 3317)
* \exp:                                  Math functions.     (line 3837)
* \extracolsep:                          tabular.            (line 2157)
* \fbox:                                 \fbox and \framebox.
                                                             (line 4333)
* \fboxrule:                             \framebox (picture).
                                                             (line 1800)
* \fboxrule <1>:                         \fbox and \framebox.
                                                             (line 4345)
* \fboxsep:                              \framebox (picture).
                                                             (line 1800)
* \fboxsep <1>:                          \fbox and \framebox.
                                                             (line 4345)
* \fill:                                 \hfill.             (line 4189)
* \flat:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3320)
* \floatpagefraction:                    figure.             (line 1365)
* \floatsep:                             figure.             (line 1380)
* \flushbottom:                          \flushbottom.       (line  865)
* \fnsymbol:                             \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2895)
* \fnsymbol, and footnotes:              Symbolic footnotes. (line 2654)
* \fontencoding:                         Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  745)
* \fontfamily:                           Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  748)
* \fontseries:                           Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  757)
* \fontshape:                            Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  768)
* \fontsize:                             Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  780)
* \footnote:                             \footnote.          (line 2605)
* \footnotemark:                         \footnotemark.      (line 2620)
* \footnoterule:                         Footnote parameters.
                                                             (line 2662)
* \footnotesep:                          Footnote parameters.
                                                             (line 2668)
* \footnotesize:                         Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \footnotetext:                         \footnotetext.      (line 2635)
* \footskip:                             Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  890)
* \forall:                               Math symbols.       (line 3323)
* \frac:                                 Math miscellany.    (line 3985)
* \frac{num}{den}:                       Math miscellany.    (line 3984)
* \frame:                                \frame.             (line 1821)
* \framebox:                             \framebox (picture).
                                                             (line 1792)
* \framebox <1>:                         \fbox and \framebox.
                                                             (line 4333)
* \frown:                                Math symbols.       (line 3326)
* \fussy:                                \fussy.             (line 2487)
* \Gamma:                                Math symbols.       (line 3329)
* \gamma:                                Math symbols.       (line 3332)
* \gcd:                                  Math functions.     (line 3840)
* \ge:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3335)
* \geq:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3338)
* \gets:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3341)
* \gg:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3344)
* \glossary:                             Glossaries.         (line 4997)
* \glossaryentry:                        Glossaries.         (line 5000)
* \grave:                                Math accents.       (line 3925)
* \guillemotleft (<<):                   Text symbols.       (line 4537)
* \guillemotright (>>):                  Text symbols.       (line 4538)
* \guilsinglleft (<):                    Text symbols.       (line 4539)
* \guilsinglright (>):                   Text symbols.       (line 4540)
* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent):          Accents.            (line 4746)
* \hat:                                  Math accents.       (line 3928)
* \hbar:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3347)
* \headheight:                           Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  880)
* \headsep:                              Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  885)
* \heartsuit:                            Math symbols.       (line 3350)
* \height:                               Predefined lengths. (line 3018)
* \hfill:                                \hfill.             (line 4186)
* \hline:                                \hline.             (line 2239)
* \hom:                                  Math functions.     (line 3843)
* \hookleftarrow:                        Math symbols.       (line 3353)
* \hookrightarrow:                       Math symbols.       (line 3356)
* \hrulefill:                            \hrulefill.         (line 4254)
* \hsize:                                Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  930)
* \hspace:                               \hspace.            (line 4171)
* \huge:                                 Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \Huge:                                 Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \hyphenation:                          \hyphenation.       (line 2505)
* \i (dotless i):                        Accents.            (line 4750)
* \iff:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3359)
* \ij (ij):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4809)
* \IJ (IJ):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4809)
* \Im:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3362)
* \imath:                                Math accents.       (line 3931)
* \in:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3365)
* \include:                              \include.           (line 4880)
* \includeonly:                          \includeonly.       (line 4898)
* \indent:                               \indent.            (line 3043)
* \index:                                Indexes.            (line 5013)
* \indexentry:                           Indexes.            (line 5016)
* \inf:                                  Math functions.     (line 3846)
* \infty:                                Math symbols.       (line 3368)
* \input:                                \input.             (line 4912)
* \int:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3371)
* \intextsep:                            figure.             (line 1384)
* \iota:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3374)
* \it:                                   Font styles.        (line  686)
* \item:                                 description.        (line 1174)
* \item <1>:                             enumerate.          (line 1228)
* \item <2>:                             itemize.            (line 1511)
* \itemindent:                           itemize.            (line 1554)
* \itemsep:                              itemize.            (line 1576)
* \itshape:                              Font styles.        (line  607)
* \j (dotless j):                        Accents.            (line 4753)
* \jmath:                                Math accents.       (line 3934)
* \Join:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3377)
* \k (ogonek):                           Accents.            (line 4757)
* \kappa:                                Math symbols.       (line 3380)
* \ker:                                  Math functions.     (line 3849)
* \kill:                                 tabbing.            (line 2033)
* \l (/l):                               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4813)
* \L (/L):                               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4813)
* \label:                                \label.             (line 1007)
* \labelenumi:                           enumerate.          (line 1242)
* \labelenumii:                          enumerate.          (line 1242)
* \labelenumiii:                         enumerate.          (line 1242)
* \labelenumiv:                          enumerate.          (line 1242)
* \labelitemi:                           itemize.            (line 1534)
* \labelitemii:                          itemize.            (line 1534)
* \labelitemiii:                         itemize.            (line 1534)
* \labelitemiv:                          itemize.            (line 1534)
* \labelsep:                             itemize.            (line 1557)
* \labelwidth:                           itemize.            (line 1560)
* \Lambda:                               Math symbols.       (line 3383)
* \lambda:                               Math symbols.       (line 3386)
* \land:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3389)
* \langle:                               Math symbols.       (line 3392)
* \large:                                Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \Large:                                Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \LARGE:                                Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \LaTeX:                                Text symbols.       (line 4531)
* \LaTeXe:                               Text symbols.       (line 4534)
* \lbrace:                               Math symbols.       (line 3395)
* \lbrack:                               Math symbols.       (line 3398)
* \lceil:                                Math symbols.       (line 3401)
* \ldots:                                Text symbols.       (line 4544)
* \le:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3404)
* \leadsto:                              Math symbols.       (line 3407)
* \left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2:        Math miscellany.    (line 3987)
* \Leftarrow:                            Math symbols.       (line 3409)
* \leftarrow:                            Math symbols.       (line 3412)
* \lefteqn:                              eqnarray.           (line 1281)
* \leftharpoondown:                      Math symbols.       (line 3415)
* \leftharpoonup:                        Math symbols.       (line 3418)
* \leftmargin:                           itemize.            (line 1541)
* \leftmargini:                          itemize.            (line 1541)
* \leftmarginii:                         itemize.            (line 1541)
* \leftmarginiii:                        itemize.            (line 1541)
* \leftmarginiv:                         itemize.            (line 1541)
* \leftmarginv:                          itemize.            (line 1541)
* \leftmarginvi:                         itemize.            (line 1541)
* \Leftrightarrow:                       Math symbols.       (line 3421)
* \leftrightarrow:                       Math symbols.       (line 3424)
* \leq:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3427)
* \lfloor:                               Math symbols.       (line 3430)
* \lg:                                   Math functions.     (line 3852)
* \lhd:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3433)
* \lim:                                  Math functions.     (line 3855)
* \liminf:                               Math functions.     (line 3858)
* \limsup:                               Math functions.     (line 3861)
* \line:                                 \line.              (line 1832)
* \linebreak:                            \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
                                                             (line 2521)
* \linespread:                           Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  793)
* \linethickness:                        \linethickness.     (line 1846)
* \linewidth:                            Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  895)
* \listoffigures:                        Tables of contents. (line 4940)
* \listoftables:                         Tables of contents. (line 4940)
* \listparindent:                        itemize.            (line 1563)
* \ll:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3436)
* \ln:                                   Math functions.     (line 3864)
* \lnot:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3439)
* \location:                             \location.          (line 5128)
* \log:                                  Math functions.     (line 3867)
* \longleftarrow:                        Math symbols.       (line 3442)
* \longleftrightarrow:                   Math symbols.       (line 3445)
* \longmapsto:                           Math symbols.       (line 3448)
* \longrightarrow:                       Math symbols.       (line 3451)
* \lor:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3454)
* \lq:                                   Text symbols.       (line 4550)
* \makebox:                              \makebox.           (line 4365)
* \makebox (for 'picture'):              \makebox (picture). (line 1765)
* \makeglossary:                         Glossaries.         (line 4995)
* \makeindex:                            Indexes.            (line 5010)
* \makelabels:                           \makelabels.        (line 5136)
* \maketitle:                            \maketitle.         (line 4068)
* \mapsto:                               Math symbols.       (line 3457)
* \marginpar:                            Marginal notes.     (line 3067)
* \marginparpush:                        Marginal notes.     (line 3094)
* \marginparsep:                         Marginal notes.     (line 3098)
* \marginparwidth:                       Marginal notes.     (line 3102)
* \markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}:                \pagestyle.         (line 4142)
* \markright{RIGHT}:                     \pagestyle.         (line 4149)
* \mathbf:                               Font styles.        (line  640)
* \mathcal:                              Font styles.        (line  656)
* \mathnormal:                           Font styles.        (line  653)
* \mathring:                             Math accents.       (line 3937)
* \mathrm:                               Font styles.        (line  637)
* \mathsf:                               Font styles.        (line  643)
* \mathtt:                               Font styles.        (line  646)
* \mathversion:                          Font styles.        (line  658)
* \max:                                  Math functions.     (line 3870)
* \mbox:                                 \mbox.              (line 4326)
* \mbox, and LR mode:                    Modes.              (line 4041)
* \mdseries:                             Font styles.        (line  613)
* \medskip:                              \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4287)
* \medskipamount:                        \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4287)
* \mho:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3460)
* \mid:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3462)
* \min:                                  Math functions.     (line 3873)
* \models:                               Math symbols.       (line 3465)
* \month:                                \day \month \year.  (line 2964)
* \mp:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3468)
* \mu:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3471)
* \multicolumn:                          \multicolumn.       (line 2206)
* \multiput:                             \multiput.          (line 1870)
* \nabla:                                Math symbols.       (line 3474)
* \name:                                 \name.              (line 5144)
* \natural:                              Math symbols.       (line 3477)
* \ne:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3480)
* \nearrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3483)
* \neg:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3486)
* \neq:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3489)
* \newcommand:                           \newcommand & \renewcommand.
                                                             (line 2683)
* \newcounter:                           \newcounter.        (line 2721)
* \newenvironment:                       \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2760)
* \newfont:                              \newfont.           (line 2827)
* \newlength:                            \newlength.         (line 2736)
* \newline:                              \newline.           (line 2468)
* \NEWLINE:                              \SPACE.             (line 4196)
* \newpage:                              \newpage.           (line 2559)
* \newsavebox:                           \newsavebox.        (line 2750)
* \newtheorem:                           \newtheorem.        (line 2799)
* \newtie:                               Accents.            (line 4768)
* \ng:                                   Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4817)
* \NG:                                   Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4817)
* \ni:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3492)
* \nocite:                               \nocite.            (line 2309)
* \nocorr:                               Font styles.        (line  595)
* \nocorrlist:                           Font styles.        (line  595)
* \nofiles:                              Tables of contents. (line 4945)
* \noindent:                             \noindent.          (line 3054)
* \nolinebreak:                          \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
                                                             (line 2521)
* \nonumber:                             eqnarray.           (line 1276)
* \nopagebreak:                          \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
                                                             (line 2580)
* \normalfont:                           Font styles.        (line  634)
* \normalmarginpar:                      Marginal notes.     (line 3082)
* \normalsize:                           Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \not:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3495)
* \notin:                                Math symbols.       (line 3498)
* \nu:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3501)
* \nwarrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3504)
* \o (/o):                               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4821)
* \O (/O):                               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4821)
* \obeycr:                               \obeycr & \restorecr.
                                                             (line 2459)
* \oddsidemargin:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  541)
* \odot:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3507)
* \oe (oe):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4825)
* \OE (OE):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4825)
* \oint:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3510)
* \oldstylenums:                         Font styles.        (line  662)
* \Omega:                                Math symbols.       (line 3513)
* \omega:                                Math symbols.       (line 3516)
* \ominus:                               Math symbols.       (line 3519)
* \onecolumn:                            \onecolumn.         (line  815)
* \opening:                              \opening.           (line 5152)
* \oplus:                                Math symbols.       (line 3522)
* \oslash:                               Math symbols.       (line 3525)
* \otimes:                               Math symbols.       (line 3528)
* \oval:                                 \oval.              (line 1880)
* \overbrace{TEXT}:                      Math miscellany.    (line 3992)
* \overline{TEXT}:                       Math miscellany.    (line 3996)
* \owns:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3531)
* \P:                                    Text symbols.       (line 4553)
* \pagebreak:                            \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
                                                             (line 2580)
* \pagenumbering:                        \pagenumbering.     (line 4094)
* \pageref:                              \pageref.           (line 1040)
* \pagestyle:                            \pagestyle.         (line 4119)
* \paragraph:                            Sectioning.         (line  957)
* \parallel:                             Math symbols.       (line 3534)
* \parbox:                               \parbox.            (line 4390)
* \parindent:                            minipage.           (line 1666)
* \parindent <1>:                        \indent.            (line 3043)
* \parsep:                               itemize.            (line 1581)
* \parskip:                              \parskip.           (line 3061)
* \parskip example:                      itemize.            (line 1597)
* \part:                                 Sectioning.         (line  951)
* \partial:                              Math symbols.       (line 3537)
* \partopsep:                            itemize.            (line 1591)
* \perp:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3540)
* \phi:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3543)
* \Pi:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3546)
* \pi:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3549)
* \pm:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3552)
* \pmod:                                 Math functions.     (line 3876)
* \poptabs:                              tabbing.            (line 2039)
* \poptabs <1>:                          tabbing.            (line 2040)
* \pounds:                               Text symbols.       (line 4557)
* \Pr:                                   Math functions.     (line 3879)
* \prec:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3555)
* \preceq:                               Math symbols.       (line 3558)
* \prime:                                Math symbols.       (line 3561)
* \prod:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3564)
* \propto:                               Math symbols.       (line 3567)
* \protect:                              \protect.           (line 2841)
* \ps:                                   \ps.                (line 5164)
* \Psi:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3570)
* \psi:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3573)
* \pushtabs:                             tabbing.            (line 2042)
* \put:                                  \put.               (line 1904)
* \quotedblbase (,,):                    Text symbols.       (line 4561)
* \quotesinglbase (,):                   Text symbols.       (line 4562)
* \r (ring accent):                      Accents.            (line 4762)
* \raggedbottom:                         \raggedbottom.      (line  874)
* \raggedleft:                           \raggedleft.        (line 1498)
* \raggedright:                          \raggedright.       (line 1472)
* \raisebox:                             \raisebox.          (line 4430)
* \rangle:                               Math symbols.       (line 3576)
* \rbrace:                               Math symbols.       (line 3579)
* \rbrack:                               Math symbols.       (line 3582)
* \rceil:                                Math symbols.       (line 3585)
* \Re:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3588)
* \ref:                                  \ref.               (line 1050)
* \refstepcounter:                       \refstepcounter.    (line 2951)
* \renewenvironment:                     \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2760)
* \restorecr:                            \obeycr & \restorecr.
                                                             (line 2459)
* \reversemarginpar:                     Marginal notes.     (line 3082)
* \rfloor:                               Math symbols.       (line 3591)
* \rhd:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3594)
* \rho:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3597)
* \right:                                Math miscellany.    (line 3988)
* \Rightarrow:                           Math symbols.       (line 3600)
* \rightarrow:                           Math symbols.       (line 3603)
* \rightharpoondown:                     Math symbols.       (line 3606)
* \rightharpoonup:                       Math symbols.       (line 3609)
* \rightleftharpoons:                    Math symbols.       (line 3612)
* \rightmargin:                          itemize.            (line 1567)
* \rm:                                   Font styles.        (line  689)
* \rmfamily:                             Font styles.        (line  604)
* \roman:                                \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2889)
* \Roman:                                \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2892)
* \rq:                                   Text symbols.       (line 4565)
* \rule:                                 \rule.              (line 4838)
* \S:                                    Text symbols.       (line 4568)
* \savebox:                              \savebox.           (line 4446)
* \sbox:                                 \sbox.              (line 4458)
* \sc:                                   Font styles.        (line  692)
* \scriptsize:                           Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \scshape:                              Font styles.        (line  628)
* \searrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3615)
* \sec:                                  Math functions.     (line 3882)
* \section:                              Sectioning.         (line  954)
* \seename:                              Indexes.            (line 5024)
* \selectfont:                           Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  799)
* \setcounter:                           \setcounter.        (line 2935)
* \setlength:                            \setlength.         (line 2981)
* \setminus:                             Math symbols.       (line 3618)
* \settodepth:                           \settodepth.        (line 2994)
* \settoheight:                          \settoheight.       (line 3002)
* \settowidth:                           \settowidth.        (line 3010)
* \sf:                                   Font styles.        (line  695)
* \sffamily:                             Font styles.        (line  625)
* \sharp:                                Math symbols.       (line 3621)
* \shortstack:                           \shortstack.        (line 1914)
* \Sigma:                                Math symbols.       (line 3624)
* \sigma:                                Math symbols.       (line 3627)
* \signature:                            \signature.         (line 5170)
* \sim:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3630)
* \simeq:                                Math symbols.       (line 3633)
* \sin:                                  Math functions.     (line 3885)
* \sinh:                                 Math functions.     (line 3888)
* \sl:                                   Font styles.        (line  698)
* \slshape:                              Font styles.        (line  622)
* \small:                                Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \smallint:                             Math symbols.       (line 3636)
* \smallskip:                            \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4292)
* \smallskipamount:                      \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4292)
* \smile:                                Math symbols.       (line 3639)
* \SPACE:                                \SPACE.             (line 4196)
* \spadesuit:                            Math symbols.       (line 3642)
* \sqcap:                                Math symbols.       (line 3645)
* \sqcup:                                Math symbols.       (line 3648)
* \sqrt[ROOT]{arg}:                      Math miscellany.    (line 3999)
* \sqsubset:                             Math symbols.       (line 3651)
* \sqsubseteq:                           Math symbols.       (line 3654)
* \sqsupset:                             Math symbols.       (line 3657)
* \sqsupseteq:                           Math symbols.       (line 3660)
* \ss (ss):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4829)
* \SS (SS):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4829)
* \stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}:             Math miscellany.    (line 4005)
* \star:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3663)
* \startbreaks:                          \startbreaks.       (line 5176)
* \stepcounter:                          \stepcounter.       (line 2958)
* \stop:                                 Command line.       (line 5243)
* \stopbreaks:                           \stopbreaks.        (line 5183)
* \subparagraph:                         Sectioning.         (line  958)
* \subsection:                           Sectioning.         (line  955)
* \subset:                               Math symbols.       (line 3666)
* \subseteq:                             Math symbols.       (line 3669)
* \subsubsection:                        Sectioning.         (line  956)
* \succ:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3672)
* \succeq:                               Math symbols.       (line 3675)
* \sum:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3678)
* \sup:                                  Math functions.     (line 3891)
* \supset:                               Math symbols.       (line 3681)
* \supseteq:                             Math symbols.       (line 3684)
* \surd:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3687)
* \swarrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3690)
* \symbol:                               Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4505)
* \t (tie-after accent):                 Accents.            (line 4768)
* \TAB:                                  \SPACE.             (line 4196)
* \tabbingsep:                           tabbing.            (line 2047)
* \tabcolsep:                            tabular.            (line 2198)
* \tableofcontents:                      Tables of contents. (line 4930)
* \tan:                                  Math functions.     (line 3894)
* \tanh:                                 Math functions.     (line 3897)
* \tau:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3693)
* \telephone:                            \telephone.         (line 5190)
* \TeX:                                  Text symbols.       (line 4571)
* \textascenderwordmark:                 Text symbols.       (line 4609)
* \textasciicircum:                      Text symbols.       (line 4574)
* \textasciitilde:                       Text symbols.       (line 4577)
* \textasteriskcentered:                 Text symbols.       (line 4580)
* \textbackslash:                        Text symbols.       (line 4583)
* \textbar:                              Text symbols.       (line 4586)
* \textbardbl:                           Text symbols.       (line 4589)
* \textbf:                               Font styles.        (line  616)
* \textbigcircle:                        Text symbols.       (line 4592)
* \textbraceleft:                        Text symbols.       (line 4595)
* \textbraceright:                       Text symbols.       (line 4598)
* \textbullet:                           Text symbols.       (line 4601)
* \textcapitalwordmark:                  Text symbols.       (line 4608)
* \textcircled{LETTER}:                  Text symbols.       (line 4604)
* \textcompwordmark:                     Text symbols.       (line 4607)
* \textcopyright:                        Text symbols.       (line 4522)
* \textdagger:                           Text symbols.       (line 4614)
* \textdaggerdbl:                        Text symbols.       (line 4617)
* \textdollar (or '$'):                  Text symbols.       (line 4620)
* \textellipsis:                         Text symbols.       (line 4546)
* \textemdash (or '---'):                Text symbols.       (line 4623)
* \textendash (or '--'):                 Text symbols.       (line 4626)
* \texteuro:                             Text symbols.       (line 4629)
* \textexclamdown (or '!`'):             Text symbols.       (line 4632)
* \textfloatsep:                         figure.             (line 1389)
* \textfraction:                         figure.             (line 1369)
* \textgreater:                          Text symbols.       (line 4635)
* \textheight:                           Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  903)
* \textit:                               Font styles.        (line  607)
* \textleftarrow:                        Text symbols.       (line 4641)
* \textless:                             Text symbols.       (line 4638)
* \textmd:                               Font styles.        (line  613)
* \textnormal:                           Font styles.        (line  634)
* \textordfeminine:                      Text symbols.       (line 4644)
* \textordmasculine:                     Text symbols.       (line 4645)
* \textparagraph:                        Text symbols.       (line 4554)
* \textperiodcentered:                   Text symbols.       (line 4648)
* \textquestiondown (or '?`'):           Text symbols.       (line 4651)
* \textquotedblleft (or '``'):           Text symbols.       (line 4654)
* \textquotedblright (or '''):           Text symbols.       (line 4657)
* \textquoteleft (or '`'):               Text symbols.       (line 4660)
* \textquoteright (or '''):              Text symbols.       (line 4663)
* \textquotestraightbase:                Text symbols.       (line 4666)
* \textquotestraightdblbase:             Text symbols.       (line 4667)
* \textregistered:                       Text symbols.       (line 4670)
* \textrightarrow:                       Text symbols.       (line 4673)
* \textrm:                               Font styles.        (line  604)
* \textsc:                               Font styles.        (line  628)
* \textsf:                               Font styles.        (line  625)
* \textsl:                               Font styles.        (line  622)
* \textsterling:                         Text symbols.       (line 4558)
* \textthreequartersemdash:              Text symbols.       (line 4676)
* \texttrademark:                        Text symbols.       (line 4679)
* \texttt:                               Font styles.        (line  631)
* \texttwelveudash:                      Text symbols.       (line 4682)
* \textunderscore:                       Text symbols.       (line 4685)
* \textup:                               Font styles.        (line  619)
* \textvisiblespace:                     Text symbols.       (line 4688)
* \textwidth:                            Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  910)
* \th (th):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4833)
* \TH (TH):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4833)
* \thanks{TEXT}:                         \maketitle.         (line 4083)
* \theta:                                Math symbols.       (line 3696)
* \thicklines:                           \thicklines.        (line 1856)
* \thinlines:                            \thinlines.         (line 1863)
* \thinspace:                            \thinspace.         (line 4222)
* \thispagestyle:                        \thispagestyle.     (line 4155)
* \tilde:                                Math accents.       (line 3940)
* \times:                                Math symbols.       (line 3699)
* \tiny:                                 Font sizes.         (line  719)
* \title{TEXT}:                          \maketitle.         (line 4087)
* \to:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3702)
* \today:                                \today.             (line 4857)
* \top:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3705)
* \topfraction:                          figure.             (line 1374)
* \topmargin:                            Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  934)
* \topsep:                               itemize.            (line 1585)
* \topskip:                              Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  941)
* \totalheight:                          Predefined lengths. (line 3022)
* \triangle:                             Math symbols.       (line 3708)
* \triangleleft:                         Math symbols.       (line 3711)
* \triangleright:                        Math symbols.       (line 3714)
* \tt:                                   Font styles.        (line  701)
* \ttfamily:                             Font styles.        (line  631)
* \twocolumn:                            \twocolumn.         (line  821)
* \typein:                               \typein.            (line 5201)
* \typeout:                              \typeout.           (line 5215)
* \u (breve accent):                     Accents.            (line 4773)
* \unboldmath:                           Math formulas.      (line 3137)
* \underbar:                             Accents.            (line 4776)
* \underbrace{math}:                     Math miscellany.    (line 4009)
* \underline{text}:                      Math miscellany.    (line 4012)
* \unitlength:                           picture.            (line 1687)
* \unlhd:                                Math symbols.       (line 3717)
* \unrhd:                                Math symbols.       (line 3720)
* \Uparrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3723)
* \uparrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3726)
* \Updownarrow:                          Math symbols.       (line 3729)
* \updownarrow:                          Math symbols.       (line 3732)
* \uplus:                                Math symbols.       (line 3735)
* \upshape:                              Font styles.        (line  619)
* \Upsilon:                              Math symbols.       (line 3738)
* \upsilon:                              Math symbols.       (line 3741)
* \usebox:                               \usebox.            (line 4470)
* \usecounter:                           \usecounter.        (line 2910)
* \usefont:                              Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  803)
* \usepackage:                           Document class options.
                                                             (line  559)
* \v (breve accent):                     Accents.            (line 4783)
* \value:                                \value.             (line 2921)
* \varepsilon:                           Math symbols.       (line 3744)
* \varphi:                               Math symbols.       (line 3747)
* \varpi:                                Math symbols.       (line 3750)
* \varrho:                               Math symbols.       (line 3753)
* \varsigma:                             Math symbols.       (line 3756)
* \vartheta:                             Math symbols.       (line 3759)
* \vdash:                                Math symbols.       (line 3762)
* \vdots:                                Math miscellany.    (line 4017)
* \vdots <1>:                            Math miscellany.    (line 4018)
* \vec:                                  Math accents.       (line 3943)
* \vector:                               \vector.            (line 1933)
* \vee:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3765)
* \verb:                                 \verb.              (line 2401)
* \Vert:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3768)
* \vert:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3771)
* \vfill:                                \vfill.             (line 4299)
* \vline:                                \vline.             (line 2246)
* \vspace:                               \vspace.            (line 4306)
* \wedge:                                Math symbols.       (line 3774)
* \widehat:                              Math accents.       (line 3946)
* \widehat <1>:                          Math accents.       (line 3949)
* \width:                                Predefined lengths. (line 3016)
* \wp:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3777)
* \wr:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3780)
* \Xi:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3783)
* \xi:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3786)
* \year:                                 \day \month \year.  (line 2964)
* \zeta:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3789)
* \[:                                    Math formulas.      (line 3124)
* \\ (for 'array'):                      array.              (line 1104)
* \\ (for 'center'):                     center.             (line 1136)
* \\ (for 'eqnarray'):                   eqnarray.           (line 1268)
* \\ (for 'flushright'):                 flushright.         (line 1491)
* \\ (for '\shortstack' objects):        \shortstack.        (line 1928)
* \\ (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 1992)
* \\ for 'flushleft':                    flushleft.          (line 1465)
* \\ for letters:                        Letters.            (line 5076)
* \\ for 'tabular':                      tabular.            (line 2109)
* \\ for 'verse':                        verse.              (line 2429)
* \\ for '\author':                      \maketitle.         (line 4074)
* \\ for '\title':                       \maketitle.         (line 4088)
* \\ force line break:                   \\.                 (line 2449)
* \\* (for 'eqnarray'):                  eqnarray.           (line 1273)
* \]:                                    Math formulas.      (line 3124)
* \^:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4501)
* \^ (circumflex accent):                Accents.            (line 4721)
* \_:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4491)
* \` (grave accent):                     Accents.            (line 4725)
* \` (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 2019)
* \{:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4491)
* \|:                                    Math symbols.       (line 3164)
* \}:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4491)
* \~:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4501)
* \~ (tilde accent):                     Accents.            (line 4731)
* ^:                                     Subscripts & superscripts.
                                                             (line 3150)
* _:                                     Subscripts & superscripts.
                                                             (line 3150)
* {...} for required arguments:          LaTeX command syntax.
                                                             (line  435)
* a4paper option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  503)
* a5paper option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  503)
* abstract environment:                  abstract.           (line 1072)
* array environment:                     array.              (line 1083)
* article class:                         Document classes.   (line  464)
* b5paper option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  503)
* book class:                            Document classes.   (line  464)
* bottomnumber:                          figure.             (line 1395)
* center environment:                    center.             (line 1129)
* clock option to 'slides' class:        Document class options.
                                                             (line  556)
* dbltopnumber:                          figure.             (line 1399)
* description environment:               description.        (line 1166)
* displaymath environment:               displaymath.        (line 1189)
* displaymath environment <1>:           Math formulas.      (line 3114)
* document environment:                  document.           (line 1209)
* draft option:                          Document class options.
                                                             (line  508)
* dvipdfmx command:                      Output files.       (line  347)
* dvips command:                         Output files.       (line  347)
* dvitype command:                       Output files.       (line  347)
* enumerate environment:                 enumerate.          (line 1215)
* eqnarray environment:                  eqnarray.           (line 1253)
* equation environment:                  equation.           (line 1288)
* equation environment <1>:              Math formulas.      (line 3114)
* etex command:                          TeX engines.        (line  395)
* executivepaper option:                 Document class options.
                                                             (line  503)
* figure:                                figure.             (line 1301)
* filecontents:                          filecontents.       (line 1416)
* final option:                          Document class options.
                                                             (line  508)
* first-latex-doc document:              About this document.
                                                             (line  274)
* fleqn option:                          Document class options.
                                                             (line  508)
* flushleft environment:                 flushleft.          (line 1459)
* flushright environment:                flushright.         (line 1485)
* <http://home.gna.org/latexrefman> home page: About this document.
                                                             (line  247)
* indexspace:                            Indexes.            (line 5036)
* itemize environment:                   itemize.            (line 1511)
* landscape option:                      Document class options.
                                                             (line  508)
* latex command:                         Output files.       (line  347)
* latex-doc-ptr document:                About this document.
                                                             (line  271)
* <latexrefman-discuss@gna.org> email address: About this document.
                                                             (line  258)
* legalpaper option:                     Document class options.
                                                             (line  503)
* leqno option:                          Document class options.
                                                             (line  508)
* letter:                                letter.             (line 1613)
* letter class:                          Document classes.   (line  464)
* letterpaper option:                    Document class options.
                                                             (line  503)
* list:                                  list.               (line 1618)
* lR box:                                picture.            (line 1743)
* lrbox:                                 lrbox.              (line 4355)
* lshort document:                       About this document.
                                                             (line  281)
* lualatex command:                      TeX engines.        (line  412)
* math environment:                      math.               (line 1643)
* math environment <1>:                  Math formulas.      (line 3114)
* minipage environment:                  minipage.           (line 1655)
* notitlepage option:                    Document class options.
                                                             (line  508)
* onecolumn option:                      Document class options.
                                                             (line  535)
* oneside option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  535)
* openany option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  535)
* openbib option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  508)
* openright option:                      Document class options.
                                                             (line  535)
* pdflatex command:                      Output files.       (line  357)
* picture:                               picture.            (line 1683)
* printindex:                            Indexes.            (line 5032)
* quotation:                             quotation.          (line 1944)
* quote:                                 quote.              (line 1959)
* report class:                          Document classes.   (line  464)
* secnumdepth counter:                   Sectioning.         (line  990)
* slides class:                          Document classes.   (line  464)
* tabbing environment:                   tabbing.            (line 1974)
* table:                                 table.              (line 2065)
* tabular environment:                   tabular.            (line 2092)
* textcomp package:                      Text symbols.       (line 4517)
* thebibliography:                       thebibliography.    (line 2253)
* theorem environment:                   theorem.            (line 2354)
* titlepage environment:                 titlepage.          (line 2367)
* titlepage option:                      Document class options.
                                                             (line  508)
* topnumber:                             figure.             (line 1403)
* totalnumber:                           figure.             (line 1407)
* twocolumn option:                      Document class options.
                                                             (line  535)
* twoside option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  535)
* usrguide official documentation:       About this document.
                                                             (line  277)
* verbatim environment:                  verbatim.           (line 2384)
* verse environment:                     verse.              (line 2418)
* xdvi command:                          Output files.       (line  347)
* xelatex command:                       TeX engines.        (line  421)

