
=encoding utf8

=head1 NAME

Mojolicious::Guides::Growing - Growing

=head1 OVERVIEW

This document explains the process of starting a L<Mojolicious::Lite> prototype
from scratch and growing it into a well-structured L<Mojolicious> application.

=head1 CONCEPTS

Essentials every L<Mojolicious> developer should know.

=head2 Model View Controller

MVC is a software architectural pattern for graphical user interface
programming originating in Smalltalk-80, that separates application logic,
presentation and input.

           +------------+    +-------+    +------+
  Input -> | Controller | -> | Model | -> | View | -> Output
           +------------+    +-------+    +------+

A slightly modified version of the pattern moving some application logic into
the I<controller> is the foundation of pretty much every web framework these
days, including L<Mojolicious>.

              +----------------+     +-------+
  Request  -> |                | <-> | Model |
              |                |     +-------+
              |   Controller   |
              |                |     +-------+
  Response <- |                | <-> | View  |
              +----------------+     +-------+

The I<controller> receives a request from a user, passes incoming data to the
I<model> and retrieves data from it, which then gets turned into an actual
response by the I<view>. But note that this pattern is just a guideline that
most of the time results in cleaner more maintainable code, not a rule that
should be followed at all costs.

=head2 REpresentational State Transfer

REST is a software architectural style for distributed hypermedia systems such
as the web. While it can be applied to many protocols it is most commonly used
with HTTP these days. In REST terms, when you are opening a URL like
C<http://mojolicious.org/foo> with your browser, you are basically asking the
web server for the HTML I<representation> of the C<http://mojolicious.org/foo>
I<resource>.

  +--------+                                  +--------+
  |        | -> http://mojolicious.org/foo -> |        |
  | Client |                                  | Server |
  |        | <-  <html>Mojo rocks!</html>  <- |        |
  +--------+                                  +--------+

The fundamental idea here is that all resources are uniquely addressable with
URLs and every resource can have different representations such as HTML, RSS or
JSON. User interface concerns are separated from data storage concerns and all
session state is kept client-side.

  +---------+                        +------------+
  |         | ->    PUT /foo      -> |            |
  |         | ->    Hello world!  -> |            |
  |         |                        |            |
  |         | <-    201 CREATED   <- |            |
  |         |                        |            |
  |         | ->    GET /foo      -> |            |
  | Browser |                        | Web Server |
  |         | <-    200 OK        <- |            |
  |         | <-    Hello world!  <- |            |
  |         |                        |            |
  |         | ->    DELETE /foo   -> |            |
  |         |                        |            |
  |         | <-    200 OK        <- |            |
  +---------+                        +------------+

While HTTP methods such as C<PUT>, C<GET> and C<DELETE> are not directly part
of REST they go very well with it and are commonly used to manipulate
I<resources>.

=head2 Sessions

HTTP was designed as a stateless protocol, web servers don't know anything
about previous requests, which makes user-friendly login systems very tricky.
Sessions solve this problem by allowing web applications to keep stateful
information across several HTTP requests.

  GET /login?user=sebastian&pass=s3cret HTTP/1.1
  Host: mojolicious.org

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Set-Cookie: sessionid=987654321
  Content-Length: 10
  Hello sebastian.

  GET /protected HTTP/1.1
  Host: mojolicious.org
  Cookie: sessionid=987654321

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Set-Cookie: sessionid=987654321
  Content-Length: 16
  Hello again sebastian.

Traditionally all session data was stored on the server-side and only session
ids were exchanged between browser and web server in the form of cookies.

  Set-Cookie: session=hmac-sha1(base64(json($session)))

In L<Mojolicious> however we are taking this concept one step further by
storing everything JSON serialized and Base64 encoded in HMAC-SHA1 signed
cookies, which is more compatible with the REST philosophy and reduces
infrastructure requirements.

=head2 Test-Driven Development

TDD is a software development process where the developer starts writing
failing test cases that define the desired functionality and then moves on to
producing code that passes these tests. There are many advantages such as
always having good test coverage and code being designed for testability, which
will in turn often prevent future changes from breaking old code. Much of
L<Mojolicious> was developed using TDD.

=head1 PROTOTYPE

One of the main differences between L<Mojolicious> and other web frameworks is
that it also includes L<Mojolicious::Lite>, a micro web framework optimized for
rapid prototyping.

=head2 Differences

You likely know the feeling, you've got a really cool idea and want to try it
as quickly as possible, that's exactly why L<Mojolicious::Lite> applications
don't need more than a single file.

  myapp.pl   # Templates and even static files can be inlined

Full L<Mojolicious> applications on the other hand are much closer to a well
organized CPAN distribution to maximize maintainability.

  myapp                      # Application directory
  |- script                  # Script directory
  |  +- my_app               # Application script
  |- lib                     # Library directory
  |  |- MyApp.pm             # Application class
  |  +- MyApp                # Application namespace
  |     +- Controller        # Controller namespace
  |        +- Example.pm     # Controller class
  |- t                       # Test directory
  |  +- basic.t              # Random test
  |- log                     # Log directory
  |  +- development.log      # Development mode log file
  |- public                  # Static file directory (served automatically)
  |  +- index.html           # Static HTML file
  +- templates               # Template directory
     |- layouts              # Template directory for layouts
     |  +- default.html.ep   # Layout template
     +- example              # Template directory for "Example" controller
        +- welcome.html.ep   # Template for "welcome" action

Both application skeletons can be automatically generated with the commands
L<Mojolicious::Command::generate::lite_app> and
L<Mojolicious::Command::generate::app>.

  $ mojo generate lite_app myapp.pl
  $ mojo generate app MyApp

Feature-wise both are almost equal, the only real differences are
organizational, so each one can be gradually transformed into the other.

=head2 Foundation

We start our new application with a single executable Perl script.

  $ mkdir myapp
  $ cd myapp
  $ touch myapp.pl
  $ chmod 744 myapp.pl

This will be the foundation for our login manager example application.

  #!/usr/bin/env perl
  use Mojolicious::Lite;

  get '/' => sub {
    my $c = shift;
    $c->render(text => 'Hello world!');
  };

  app->start;

The built-in development web server makes working on your application a lot of
fun thanks to automatic reloading.

  $ morbo ./myapp.pl
  Server available at http://127.0.0.1:3000

Just save your changes and they will be automatically in effect the next time
you refresh your browser.

=head2 A bird's-eye view

It all starts with an HTTP request like this, sent by your browser.

  GET / HTTP/1.1
  Host: localhost:3000

Once the request has been received by the web server through the event loop, it
will be passed on to L<Mojolicious>, where it will be handled in a few simple
steps.

=over 2

=item  1.

Check if a static file exists that would meet the requirements.

=item 2.

Try to find a route that would meet the requirements.

=item 3.

Dispatch the request to this route, usually reaching one or more actions.

=item 4.

Process the request, maybe generating a response with the renderer.

=item 5.

Return control to the web server, and if no response has been generated yet,
wait for a non-blocking operation to do so through the event loop.

=back

With our application the router would have found an action in step 2, and
rendered some text in step 4, resulting in an HTTP response like this being
sent back to the browser.

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Content-Length: 12
  Hello world!

=head2 Model

In L<Mojolicious> we consider web applications simple frontends for existing
business logic, that means L<Mojolicious> is by design entirely I<model> layer
agnostic and you just use whatever Perl modules you like most.

  $ mkdir -p lib/MyApp/Model
  $ touch lib/MyApp/Model/Users.pm
  $ chmod 644 lib/MyApp/Model/Users.pm

Our login manager will simply use a plain old Perl module abstracting away all
logic related to matching usernames and passwords. The name
C<MyApp::Model::Users> is an arbitrary choice, and is simply used to make the
separation of concerns more visible.

  package MyApp::Model::Users;

  use strict;
  use warnings;

  my $USERS = {
    joel      => 'las3rs',
    marcus    => 'lulz',
    sebastian => 'secr3t'
  };

  sub new { bless {}, shift }

  sub check {
    my ($self, $user, $pass) = @_;

    # Success
    return 1 if $USERS->{$user} && $USERS->{$user} eq $pass;

    # Fail
    return undef;
  }

  1;

A simple helper can be registered with the function
L<Mojolicious::Lite/"helper"> to make our model available to all actions and
templates.

  #!/usr/bin/env perl
  use Mojolicious::Lite;

  use lib 'lib';
  use MyApp::Model::Users;

  # Helper to lazy initialize and store our model object
  helper users => sub { state $users = MyApp::Model::Users->new };

  # /?user=sebastian&pass=secr3t
  any '/' => sub {
    my $c = shift;

    # Query parameters
    my $user = $c->param('user') || '';
    my $pass = $c->param('pass') || '';

    # Check password
    return $c->render(text => "Welcome $user.")
      if $c->users->check($user, $pass);

    # Failed
    $c->render(text => 'Wrong username or password.');
  };

  app->start;

The method L<Mojolicious::Controller/"param"> is used to access query
parameters, C<POST> parameters, file uploads and route placeholders, all at
once.

=head2 Testing

In L<Mojolicious> we take testing very serious and try to make it a pleasant
experience.

  $ mkdir t
  $ touch t/login.t
  $ chmod 644 t/login.t

L<Test::Mojo> is a scriptable HTTP user agent designed specifically for
testing, with many fun state of the art features such as CSS selectors based on
L<Mojo::DOM>.

  use Test::More;
  use Test::Mojo;

  # Include application
  use FindBin;
  require "$FindBin::Bin/../myapp.pl";

  # Allow 302 redirect responses
  my $t = Test::Mojo->new;
  $t->ua->max_redirects(1);

  # Test if the HTML login form exists
  $t->get_ok('/')
    ->status_is(200)
    ->element_exists('form input[name="user"]')
    ->element_exists('form input[name="pass"]')
    ->element_exists('form input[type="submit"]');

  # Test login with valid credentials
  $t->post_ok('/' => form => {user => 'sebastian', pass => 'secr3t'})
    ->status_is(200)->text_like('html body' => qr/Welcome sebastian/);

  # Test accessing a protected page
  $t->get_ok('/protected')->status_is(200)->text_like('a' => qr/Logout/);

  # Test if HTML login form shows up again after logout
  $t->get_ok('/logout')->status_is(200)
    ->element_exists('form input[name="user"]')
    ->element_exists('form input[name="pass"]')
    ->element_exists('form input[type="submit"]');

  done_testing();

Your application won't pass these tests, but from now on you can use them to
check your progress with the command L<Mojolicious::Command::test>.

  $ ./myapp.pl test
  $ ./myapp.pl test t/login.t
  $ ./myapp.pl test -v t/login.t

Or perform quick requests right from the command line with
L<Mojolicious::Command::get>.

  $ ./myapp.pl get /
  Wrong username or password.

  $ ./myapp.pl get -v '/?user=sebastian&pass=secr3t'
  GET /?user=sebastian&pass=secr3t HTTP/1.1
  User-Agent: Mojolicious (Perl)
  Connection: keep-alive
  Accept-Encoding: gzip
  Content-Length: 0
  Host: localhost:59472

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Connection: keep-alive
  Date: Sun, 18 Jul 2010 13:09:58 GMT
  Server: Mojolicious (Perl)
  Content-Length: 12
  Content-Type: text/plain

  Welcome sebastian.

=head2 State keeping

Sessions in L<Mojolicious> pretty much just work out of the box once you start
using the method L<Mojolicious::Controller/"session">, there is no setup
required, but we suggest setting a more secure passphrase with
L<Mojolicious/"secrets">.

  $app->secrets(['Mojolicious rocks']);

This passphrase is used by the HMAC-SHA1 algorithm to make signed cookies tamper
resistant and can be changed at any time to invalidate all existing sessions.

  $c->session(user => 'sebastian');
  my $user = $c->session('user');

By default all sessions expire after one hour, for more control you can use the
C<expiration> session value to set an expiration date in seconds from now.

  $c->session(expiration => 3600);

And the whole session can be deleted by using the C<expires> session value to
set an absolute expiration date in the past.

  $c->session(expires => 1);

For data that should only be visible on the next request, like a confirmation
message after a C<302> redirect performed with
L<Mojolicious::Controller/"redirect_to">, you can use the flash, accessible
through the method L<Mojolicious::Controller/"flash">.

  $c->flash(message => 'Everything is fine.');
  $c->redirect_to('goodbye');

Just remember that all session data gets serialized with L<Mojo::JSON> and
stored in HMAC-SHA1 signed cookies, which usually have a C<4096> byte (4KB)
limit, depending on browser.

=head2 Final prototype

A final C<myapp.pl> prototype passing all of the tests above could look like
this.

  #!/usr/bin/env perl
  use Mojolicious::Lite;

  use lib 'lib';
  use MyApp::Model::Users;

  # Make signed cookies tamper resistant
  app->secrets(['Mojolicious rocks']);

  helper users => sub { state $users = MyApp::Model::Users->new };

  # Main login action
  any '/' => sub {
    my $c = shift;

    # Query or POST parameters
    my $user = $c->param('user') || '';
    my $pass = $c->param('pass') || '';

    # Check password and render "index.html.ep" if necessary
    return $c->render unless $c->users->check($user, $pass);

    # Store username in session
    $c->session(user => $user);

    # Store a friendly message for the next page in flash
    $c->flash(message => 'Thanks for logging in.');

    # Redirect to protected page with a 302 response
    $c->redirect_to('protected');
  } => 'index';

  # Make sure user is logged in for actions in this group
  group {
    under sub {
      my $c = shift;

      # Redirect to main page with a 302 response if user is not logged in
      return 1 if $c->session('user');
      $c->redirect_to('index');
      return undef;
    };

    # A protected page auto rendering "protected.html.ep"
    get '/protected';
  };

  # Logout action
  get '/logout' => sub {
    my $c = shift;

    # Expire and in turn clear session automatically
    $c->session(expires => 1);

    # Redirect to main page with a 302 response
    $c->redirect_to('index');
  };

  app->start;
  __DATA__

  @@ index.html.ep
  % layout 'default';
  %= form_for index => begin
    % if (param 'user') {
      <b>Wrong name or password, please try again.</b><br>
    % }
    Name:<br>
    %= text_field 'user'
    <br>Password:<br>
    %= password_field 'pass'
    <br>
    %= submit_button 'Login'
  % end

  @@ protected.html.ep
  % layout 'default';
  % if (my $msg = flash 'message') {
    <b><%= $msg %></b><br>
  % }
  Welcome <%= session 'user' %>.<br>
  %= link_to Logout => 'logout'

  @@ layouts/default.html.ep
  <!DOCTYPE html>
  <html>
    <head><title>Login Manager</title></head>
    <body><%= content %></body>
  </html>

And the directory structure should be looking like this now.

  myapp
  |- myapp.pl
  |- lib
  |  +- MyApp
  |     +- Model
  |        +- Users.pm
  +- t
     +- login.t

Our templates are using quite a few features of the renderer,
L<Mojolicious::Guides::Rendering> explains them all in great detail.

=head1 WELL-STRUCTURED APPLICATION

Due to the flexibility of L<Mojolicious> there are many variations of the
actual growing process, but this should give you a good overview of the
possibilities.

=head2 Inflating templates

All templates and static files inlined in the C<DATA> section can be
automatically turned into separate files in the C<templates> and C<public>
directories with the command L<Mojolicious::Command::inflate>.

  $ ./myapp.pl inflate

Those directories have a higher precedence, so inflating can also be a great
way to allow your users to customize their applications.

=head2 Simplified application class

This is the heart of every full L<Mojolicious> application and always gets
instantiated during server startup.

  $ touch lib/MyApp.pm
  $ chmod 644 lib/MyApp.pm

We will start by extracting all actions from C<myapp.pl> and turn them into
simplified hybrid routes in the L<Mojolicious::Routes> router, none of the
actual action code needs to be changed.

  package MyApp;
  use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious';

  use MyApp::Model::Users;

  sub startup {
    my $self = shift;

    $self->secrets(['Mojolicious rocks']);
    $self->helper(users => sub { state $users = MyApp::Model::Users->new });

    my $r = $self->routes;

    $r->any('/' => sub {
      my $c = shift;

      my $user = $c->param('user') || '';
      my $pass = $c->param('pass') || '';
      return $c->render unless $c->users->check($user, $pass);

      $c->session(user => $user);
      $c->flash(message => 'Thanks for logging in.');
      $c->redirect_to('protected');
    } => 'index');

    my $logged_in = $r->under(sub {
      my $c = shift;
      return 1 if $c->session('user');
      $c->redirect_to('index');
      return undef;
    });
    $logged_in->get('/protected');

    $r->get('/logout' => sub {
      my $c = shift;
      $c->session(expires => 1);
      $c->redirect_to('index');
    });
  }

  1;

The C<startup> method gets called right after instantiation and is the place
where the whole application gets set up. Since full L<Mojolicious> applications
can use nested routes they have no need for C<group> blocks.

=head2 Simplified application script

C<myapp.pl> itself can now be turned into a simplified application script to
allow running tests again.

  #!/usr/bin/env perl

  use strict;
  use warnings;

  use lib 'lib';

  # Start command line interface for application
  require Mojolicious::Commands;
  Mojolicious::Commands->start_app('MyApp');

And the directory structure of our hybrid application should be looking like
this.

  myapp
  |- myapp.pl
  |- lib
  |  |- MyApp.pm
  |  +- MyApp
  |     +- Model
  |        +- Users.pm
  |- t
  |  +- login.t
  +- templates
     |- layouts
     |  +- default.html.ep
     |- index.html.ep
     +- protected.html.ep

=head2 Controller class

Hybrid routes are a nice intermediate step, but to maximize maintainability it
makes sense to split our action code from its routing information.

  $ mkdir lib/MyApp/Controller
  $ touch lib/MyApp/Controller/Login.pm
  $ chmod 644 lib/MyApp/Controller/Login.pm

Once again the actual action code does not need to change, we just rename C<$c>
to C<$self> since the controller is now the invocant.

  package MyApp::Controller::Login;
  use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious::Controller';

  sub index {
    my $self = shift;

    my $user = $self->param('user') || '';
    my $pass = $self->param('pass') || '';
    return $self->render unless $self->users->check($user, $pass);

    $self->session(user => $user);
    $self->flash(message => 'Thanks for logging in.');
    $self->redirect_to('protected');
  }

  sub logged_in {
    my $self = shift;
    return 1 if $self->session('user');
    $self->redirect_to('index');
    return undef;
  }

  sub logout {
    my $self = shift;
    $self->session(expires => 1);
    $self->redirect_to('index');
  }

  1;

All L<Mojolicious::Controller> controllers are plain old Perl classes and get
instantiated on demand.

=head2 Application class

The application class C<lib/MyApp.pm> can now be reduced to model and routing
information.

  package MyApp;
  use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious';

  use MyApp::Model::Users;

  sub startup {
    my $self = shift;

    $self->secrets(['Mojolicious rocks']);
    $self->helper(users => sub { state $users = MyApp::Model::Users->new });

    my $r = $self->routes;
    $r->any('/')->to('login#index')->name('index');

    my $logged_in = $r->under('/')->to('login#logged_in');
    $logged_in->get('/protected')->to('login#protected');

    $r->get('/logout')->to('login#logout');
  }

  1;

The router allows many different route variations,
L<Mojolicious::Guides::Routing> explains them all in great detail.

=head2 Templates

Templates are our views, and usually bound to controllers, so they need to be
moved into the appropriate directories.

  $ mkdir templates/login
  $ mv templates/index.html.ep templates/login/index.html.ep
  $ mv templates/protected.html.ep templates/login/protected.html.ep

=head2 Script

Finally C<myapp.pl> can be moved into a C<script> directory and renamed to
C<my_app> to follow the CPAN standard.

  $ mkdir script
  $ mv myapp.pl script/my_app

Just a few small details change, instead of L<lib> we now use L<FindBin> and
C<@INC>, allowing us to start the application from outside its home directory.

  #!/usr/bin/env perl

  use strict;
  use warnings;

  use FindBin;
  BEGIN { unshift @INC, "$FindBin::Bin/../lib" }

  # Start command line interface for application
  require Mojolicious::Commands;
  Mojolicious::Commands->start_app('MyApp');

=head2 Simplified tests

Full L<Mojolicious> applications are a little easier to test, so C<t/login.t>
can be simplified.

  use Test::More;
  use Test::Mojo;

  # Load application class
  my $t = Test::Mojo->new('MyApp');
  $t->ua->max_redirects(1);

  $t->get_ok('/')
    ->status_is(200)
    ->element_exists('form input[name="user"]')
    ->element_exists('form input[name="pass"]')
    ->element_exists('form input[type="submit"]');

  $t->post_ok('/' => form => {user => 'sebastian', pass => 'secr3t'})
    ->status_is(200)->text_like('html body' => qr/Welcome sebastian/);

  $t->get_ok('/protected')->status_is(200)->text_like('a' => qr/Logout/);

  $t->get_ok('/logout')->status_is(200)
    ->element_exists('form input[name="user"]')
    ->element_exists('form input[name="pass"]')
    ->element_exists('form input[type="submit"]');

  done_testing();

And our final directory structure should be looking like this.

  myapp
  |- script
  |  +- my_app
  |- lib
  |  |- MyApp.pm
  |  +- MyApp
  |     |- Controller
  |     |  +- Login.pm
  |     +- Model
  |        +- Users.pm
  |- t
  |  +- login.t
  +- templates
     |- layouts
     |  +- default.html.ep
     +- login
        |- index.html.ep
        +- protected.html.ep

Test-driven development takes a little getting used to, but can be a very
powerful tool.

=head1 MORE

You can continue with L<Mojolicious::Guides> now or take a look at the
L<Mojolicious wiki|http://github.com/kraih/mojo/wiki>, which contains a lot
more documentation and examples by many different authors.

=head1 SUPPORT

If you have any questions the documentation might not yet answer, don't
hesitate to ask on the
L<mailing-list|http://groups.google.com/group/mojolicious> or the official IRC
channel C<#mojo> on C<irc.perl.org>.

=cut
